Symbiotic behavior

Sulfonimidothiazolines, 317, 318 Sulfonyl halides, with 2-aminothiazoles, 69 Sulfur (Sg), in synthesis of, A-4-thiazoline-2-thione, 373 Sulfur compounds, 69 Sulfuric acid, with alcohols, 38, 47, 80, 90 in bromination, 77 dealkylation by, 39 deuterated, 92 diazotization with, 66 in nitrations, 72 rearrangements in, 73, 113 Sulfuryl chloride, 432 Symbiotic behavior, see HSAB theory Symmetry. C2v and C2p, 120 Synthetic fibers, 154... 

Computational and experimental methods clearly benefit from a symbiotic relationship in combustion studies. Theoretical calculations can propose important pathways to yield empirically observed intermediates by providing reaction energies and rate coefficients of elementary reactions, thereby guiding experiments. Moreover, theoretical calculations can potentially fill some gaps caused by limitations in experimental approaches the vast majority of analytical techniques fail to distinguish between structural isomers and to identify short-lived intermediate species, both of which are important objectives in delineating overall combustion behavior. Finally, modeling can identify species to look for experimentally. 

Symbiosis refers to the intimate association between members of different species. It does not specify a mutual benefit or harm. Therefore, symbiotic relationships may include mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism. Symbiotic relationships often entail some degree of coevolution of the partners, shaping in part their structural and behavioral characteristics. 

Table IV compares the reactivity ratios of a soft (PhS-) to a hard (MeO-) nucleophile in vinylic substitution. PhS is always more reactive, and ratios lower than unity, as for 4, X = Br (4), are certainly due to elimination-addition with MeO . The ratios change by >2000-fold and are sensitive to the geometry of the substrate. An important feature is that for (3-halo-p-nitrostyrenes the ratio decreases strongly with the increased hardness of the (3-halogen (38). The lowest ratios are for the (3-fluoro derivative, whereas the differences between the chloro and bromo compounds are not so large. This behavior is similar to that in SNAr reactions. This behavior can be rationalized by symbiotic effects, which favor the soft-soft PhS--Br interaction and the hard-hard MeO-F interaction. A reactivity-selectivity relationship for vinyl bromides of different electrophilicities does not exist.

Dimock, R.V. and Davenport, D., 1971. Behavioral specificity and the induction of host recognition in a symbiotic polychaete. Biol. Bull., 141 472—484. 

Most of what is known about crustacean chemoreception is in the context of food detection and ingestion only very little is known in other behavioral contexts, such as predator avoidance, orientation in the habitat, interactions with symbiotic partners, or intraspecific communication by pheromones. From recent behavioral and neuroanatomical studies, two important concepts about pheromone reception in crustaceans have emerged ... 

A colony or other type of social structure acts in a coordinated way because information flows both horizontally (at the same level) and vertically (between levels). The same is true within a cell, within a tissue, or within an organism. The social structure thus acts as an entity unto itself with independent and identifiable organization, actions, and input-output relations. Taken another step farther, the definition of BU extends to symbiotic relationships, parasite-host pairs, and predators with prey. Indeed, each of these has predictive physical and behavioral responses to environmental stimuli (Grene, 1987). These will be considered further in Part III of this text. 

The behavior of tris(methylthio)methyl cation (MeS)3C toward various nucleophiles (75) can be explained by the HSAB principle. Water neutralizes the carbenium center, soft ions (Br , I , CN ) attack the methyl group, and methanethiol also adds to the central carbon atom as dictated by the symbiotic effect. Triphenylphosphine reacts at the S site. 

Madden, J. (1968) Behavioral responses of parasites to symbiotic fungus associated with Sirex noctilio F. Nature, 218, 189-90. 

Henriksson, E. (1958). Studies in the physiology of the lichen Collema. II. A preliminary report on the isolated fungal partner with special regard to its behavior when growing together with the symbiotic alga. Sv. Bot. Tidskr. 52, 391-396. 

Nano-confinement of metal and semi-conductor materials can lead to marked changes in their electronic behaviour. Their unique properties resulted in an increased interest in using these nanoparticles (NPs) in materials science. Furthermore, with the discovery of the symbiotic nature of metal/semi-conductor heterostructures, the use of NPs in applications such as photocatalysis and opto-electric devices, like photovoltaic cells, has increased. The exceptional properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as well as their unique structure, have led to increased investigation into their behavior in such hetero-structured complexes. Large surface-to-volume ratios, chemical inertness, and lack of porosity make CNTs prime candidates as catalyst supports. In more complex systems, the electrical properties of the CNTs increase the yield of catalyzed reactions due to the electronic interactions of certain NPs and CNTs. Based on the fact that charge transfer between quantum dots and CNTs has been reported, certain semi-conducting NPs have been covalently linked to CNTs to make hetero-junction electronic devices. ... 

Equations (l)-(3) constitute the complete mathematical formulation of the predator-prey problem based on assumptions (a) to (d). Different assumptions would yield another set of differential equations [see Problem (5.8)]. In addition, the choice of constants and initial conditions influence the solution of the differential equations and generate a diverse set of qualitative behavior patterns for the two populations. Depending on the form of the differential equations and the values of the constants chosen, the solution patterns may vary from stifle, damped oscillations, where the species reach their respective stable symbiotic population densities, to highly unstable situations, in which one of the species is driven to extinction while the other explodes to extreme population density. 

---