Survival genes

Liu, Q., Sasaki, T., Kozieradzki, I., Wakeham, A., Itie, A., Dumont, D.J., and Penninger, J.M., 1999, SHIP is a negative regulator of growth factor receptor-mediated PKB/Akt activation and myeloid ceU survival. Genes Dev 13 786-791. 

Okano HJ, Park WY, Corradi JP, Darnell RB. The cytoplasmic Purkinje onconeural antigen cdr2 down-regulates c-Myc function Implications for neuronal and tumor cell survival. Genes Dev 1999 13(16) 2087-2097. 

Duckett, C. S., and Thompson, C. B. (1997). CD30-dependent degradation of TRAF2 Implications for negative regulation of TRAF signaling and the control of cell survival. Genes Dev. 11, 2810-2821. 

Bui NT, Livolsi A, Peyron JF, Prehn JH (2001) Activation of nuclear factor kappaB and Bcl-x survival gene expression by nerve growth factor requires tyrosine phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha. J CeU Biol 152 753-764... 

An important point of control is the expression of several pro-survival genes, encoding members of the Bcl-2 family, which is under the control of cytokines and growth factors. This links growth of a cell to its life expectancy. 

HDACs attain facilitated gain-of-funcdon, thereby unsetding the acetyladon homeostasis. At this stage, dranscripdon of pro-survival genes is profoundly repressed due to collapsed histone gates at their promoter regions. Furthermore, several dranscripdon factors like CREB, NF-kB, Spl, and HIF fail to perform their pro-survival dranscripdon dudes as all these TFs require to be acetylated for acdvadon. 

Proinriaiiimjitary molecules i Antl-inflaininatory molecules t Thl response t Growth factors t Survival genes +... 

Proinflammatory molecules t Anti-inflammatoiy molecules t Thl response i Growth factors t Survival genes i Death genes 1 Mutation of tumor Suppressor genes... 

Boise EH, McShan CL, Thompson CB. Introduction of the cell survival gene bcI-xL improves the viability of CTLL-2 cells without affecting their IL-2 proliferative response. Implications for the development of bioassays. J Immunol Methods 1996 191 143-8. 

Delivery of gene transfer systems of heat shock proteins (Hsp70),250 antioxidant enzymes (catalase)251 or survival genes (Akt)252 has been associated with myocardial protection against ischemia and reperfusion. A vector gene therapy system has also been developed with a hypoxia response element-incorporated promoter to turn on the gene expression in response to hypoxic signal.253... 

Hengartner, M.O. and H.R. Horvitz. C. elegans cell survival gene ced-9 encodes a functional homolog of the mammalian proto-oncogene bcl-2. Cell 76 665-676, 1994. 

In a follow-up study, gene expression was assessed in HK-2 cells exposed to ochratoxin A at 50 pmol/l for 6 or 24 h. After 6 h, when slight cytotoxicity was evident (83% survival), genes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain were up-regulated. After 24 h, when there was greater cytotoxicity (51% survival), genes implicated in the oxidative stress response were also up-regulated. Increases... 

The genomics of the drosophila leukemia and brain tumor are comparable to that of some human tumors (as documented in the text). The ancient cell survival genes had been preserved throughout evolution and retained their potency to be reactivated, either by accidental errors (amplifications mutations), or by an inherent faculty securing the continuity of the living matter in the form of immortalized cells. 

The oncogenomes of multicellular hosts and the cell survival pathways of the first unicellular life forms, as viewed retrospectively, appear to be very similar, with the probable difference being that the ancient cell survival genes in contrast to the... 

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