Block copolymers, polymeric surfactants synthesis

Huan, K. Bes, L. Haddleton, D. M. Khoshdel, E. Surfactant Properties of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Gontaining Block Copolymers from Living Radical Polymerization. In Synthesis and Properties of Silicones and Silicone-Modified Materials Clarson, S. J., Fitzgerald, J. J., Owen, M. J., Smith, S. D., Van Dyke, M. E., Eds. ACS Symposium Series 838 American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 2003 pp 260-272. 

Uses Copolymerized with methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, or 1,1-dichloroethylene to produce acrylic and modacrylic fibers and high-strength fibers ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers nitrile rubber cyano-ethylation of cotton synthetic soil block (acrylonitrile polymerized in wood pulp) manufacture of adhesives organic synthesis grain fumigant pesticide monomer for a semi-conductive polymer that can be used similar to inorganic oxide catalysts in dehydrogenation of tert-butyl alcohol to isobutylene and water pharmaceuticals antioxidants dyes and surfactants. 

Piirma I. Synthesis of amphipathic polymeric material block copolymers. In Polymeric Surfactants, Surfactant Science Series. Vol. 42. New York Marcel Dekker, 1992 17-34. 

LAC Lacroix-Desmazes, P., Andre, P., Desimone, J.M., Ruzette, A.-V., and Boutevin, B., Macromolecular surfactants for supercritical carbon dioxide applications Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated block copolymers prepared by nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (experimental data by P. Lacroix-Desmazes), J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem., 42, 3537, 2004. 

The second approach for improving the processabihty of ICPs is to prepare their colloidal dispersions in water or an appropriate solvent The colloid dispersions of ICPs can be obtained by chemical or electrochemical oxidation of the monomer in the presence of a steric stabihzer [29-31].The key parameter for such synthesis is the choice of an appropriate steric stabihzer which adsorbs or grafts onto the polymer coUoidal particles to prevent their aggregation or precipitation. Several polymers such as polyfethylene oxide) [32], poly(vinyl pyrroHdone) [33,34], poly(vinyl alcohol) [35], ethyl hydroxy cellulose [36], poly(vinyl alcohol-co-acetate) [37], poly(vinyl methyl ether) [38,39] and block copolymer stabihzer [40] have been used as steric stabihzers to produce PPy coUoidal dispersions. Surfactants are also employed for the synthesis of ICP coUoidal dispersions [41,42]. Very recently, stable PPy dispersions were prepared by Lu et al. by polymerizing pyrrole in an aqueous medium containing different anionic salts such as sodium benzoate, potassium hydrogen phthalate, and sodium succinate [43]. These authors also reported that the conductivity of PPy dispersions was enhanced when sodium benzoate was used as dopant. Chemical oxidahve polymerization in the presence of PSS in aqueous medium produces coUoidal dispersions and improves processability [44]. CoUoidal dispersions... 

One particular asset of structured self-assemblies is their ability to create nano- to microsized domains, snch as cavities, that could be exploited for chemical synthesis and catalysis. Many kinds of organized self-assemblies have been proved to act as efficient nanoreactors, and several chapters of this book discnss some of them such as small discrete supramolecular vessels (Chapter Reactivity In Nanoscale Vessels, Supramolecular Reactivity), dendrimers (Chapter Supramolecular Dendrlmer Chemistry, Soft Matter), or protein cages and virus capsids (Chapter Viruses as Self-Assembled Templates, Self-Processes). In this chapter, we focus on larger and softer self-assembled structures such as micelles, vesicles, liquid crystals (LCs), or gels, which are made of surfactants, block copolymers, or amphiphilic peptides. In addition, only the systems that present a high kinetic lability (i.e., dynamic) of their aggregated building blocks are considered more static objects such as most of polymersomes and molecularly imprinted polymers are discussed elsewhere (Chapters Assembly of Block Copolymers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers, Soft Matter, respectively). Finally, for each of these dynamic systems, we describe their functional properties with respect to their potential for the promotion and catalysis of molecular and biomolecu-lar transformations, polymerization, self-replication, metal colloid formation, and mineralization processes. 

Of further interest is the in-situ synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers via a miniemulsion route that allows access to surfactant-free miniemulsion systems. This can be readily achieved by utilizing an initial polymer synthesized by CRP techniques and miniemulsion polymerization as a macroinitiator for chain extension. This was shown by Charleux and coworkers to allow for the synthesis of stimuli-responsive particles by the introduction of a water-soluble monomer (A, A -diethylacrylamide) that exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at about 32 °C (Delaittre et al, 2007). 

Yong, T.-M., Hems, W.P., van Nunen, J.L.M. et al. (1997) Synthesis of fluorinated block copolymers and their application as novel polymerization surfactants in supercritical carbon dioxide. Chemical Communications, 1811-1812. 

Besides, the so-formed copolymers being living, with high crossover efficiency toward block copolymers, it also appeared to be an efficient route for the synthesis of water-soluble macroalkoxyamines employed for surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of MMA at temperatures below 90°C. ... 

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