Nonionic surfactants synthesis

Emollients, thickeners, soil-suspending agents, anionic and nonionic surfactant synthesis... 

Inositols, ie, hexaliydrobenzenehexols, are sugars that have received increasing study and are useful in the treatment of a wide variety of human disorders, including vascular disease, cancer, cirrhosis of the Hver, frostbite, and muscular dystrophy (269). Myoinositol esters prepared by reaction with lower fatty acid anhydrides are useful as Hver medicines and nonionic surfactants the aluminum and ammonium salts of inositol hexasulfate are useful anticancer agents (270). Tetraarjloxybenzoquinones are intermediates in the preparation of dioxazine dyes (266,271). The synthesis of hexakis(aryloxy)benzenes has also beenpubUshed (272). 

Poly(Oxyethylene-coOxypropylene) Nonionic Surfactants. A great variety of these surfactants is marketed by BASE Corporation under the Pluronic polyol trademark. The synthesis foUows ... 

One synthesis pathway for preparation of nonionic surfactants containing an amide bond from a fatty acid chloride and tetra(ethylene glycol) is illustrated in Fig. 12 [39]. 

Dye-Doped Silica Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Nonionic Surfactant-Based... 

Wang WZ, Liu ZH, Zheng CL, Xu CK, Liu YK, Wang GH (2003) Synthesis of US nanoparticles by a novel and simple one-step, solid-state reaction in the presence of a nonionic surfactant. Mater Lett 57 2755-2760... 

Betts, D. E. Johnson, T. LeRoux, D. DeSimone, J. M. Controlled Radical Polymerization Methods for the Synthesis of Nonionic Surfactants for C02. 

Mulley, B.A. 1967. Synthesis of homogeneous nonionic surfactants, In M.J. Schick, ed., Nonionic surfactants, Surfactant Science Series, Vol. 1, pp 421-440, Marcel Dekker, New York. 

Oh et al. [16] have demonstrated that a microemulsion based on a nonionic surfactant is an efficient reaction system for the synthesis of decyl sulfonate from decyl bromide and sodium sulfite (Scheme 1 of Fig. 2). Whereas at room temperature almost no reaction occurred in a two-phase system without surfactant added, the reaction proceeded smoothly in a micro emulsion. A range of microemulsions was tested with the oil-to-water ratio varying between 9 1 and 1 1 and with approximately constant surfactant concentration. NMR self-diffusion measurements showed that the 9 1 ratio gave a water-in-oil microemulsion and the 1 1 ratio a bicontinuous structure. No substantial difference in reaction rate could be seen between the different types of micro emulsions, indicating that the curvature of the oil-water interface was not decisive for the reaction kinetics. More recent studies on the kinetics of hydrolysis reactions in different types of microemulsions showed a considerable dependence of the reaction rate on the oil-water curvature of the micro emulsion, however [17]. This was interpreted as being due to differences in hydrolysis mechanisms for different types of microemulsions. 

Fig. 12. Effect of addition of ionic surfactant to a microemulsion based on a nonionic surfactant on the rate of synthesis of decyl sulfonate from decyl bromide and sodium sulfite (from [60])...

However, another application of the Fischer-Helferich method clearly exhibits its limitations. Long chain alkyl glycosides have gained interest as nonionic surfactants. Their technical synthesis is based on acid catalysis of the reaction between glucose and alcohol. Due to the inherent solubility problems, typical drawbacks of the Fischer-Helferich method are encountered the technical product consists of a mixture of different anomers and, due to the fact that excess alcohol cannot be used for solubilization of the reaction mixture, reaction of glucose with itself is also found. 

Figure 8.12 The synthesis results with nonionic surfactants. Reproduced with permission from [78]. Copyright (2002) American Chemical Society...

Well ordered mesoporous silicate films were prepared in supercritical carbon dioxide.[218] In the synthesis in aqueous or alcoholic solution, film morphology of preorganized surfactants on substrate cannot be fully prescribed before silica-framework formation, because structure evolution is coincident with precursor condensation. The rapid and efficient preparation of mesostructured metal oxides by the in situ condensation of metal oxides within preformed nonionic surfactants can be done in supercritical CCU- The synthesis procedure is as follows. A copolymer template is prepared by spin-coating from a solution containing a suitable acid catalyst. Upon drying and annealing to induce microphase separation and enhance order, the acid partitions into the hydrophilic domain of the template. The template is then exposed to a solution of metal alkoxide in humidified supercritical C02. The precursor diffuses into the template and condenses selectively within the acidic hydrophilic domain of the copolymer to form the incipient metal oxide network. The templates did not go into the C02 phase because their solubility is very low. The alcohol by-product of alkoxide condensation is extracted rapidly from the film into the C02 phase, which promotes rapid and extensive network condensation. Because the template and the metal oxide network form in discrete steps, it is possible to pattern the template via lithography or to orient the copolymer domains before the formation of the metal oxide network. 

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