Surfactant coated fibres

Fisher CE, Brown DM, Shae J, et al. 1998. Respirable fibres Surfactant coated fibres release more Fe3+ than native fibres at both pH 4.5 and 7.2. Arm Occup Hyg 42 337-345. 

LFA, ClOO/475, MMVFIO, SiC, RCFl Sheep surfactant In vitro Fe release Surfactant coated fibres released mor Fe than mtive fibres at both pH 43 and 7.2 Fisher etal. (1998) ... 

The Cg, Cio and C12 dibasic acids, as their butyl, hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl and octyl esters, are used as plasticizers for PVC, as engine lubricants and as intermediates in the production of polyamides, polyesters and polyurethane adhesives, coatings, fibres, inks and resins. The C2i-diacid is used primarily as a surfactant. By condensation with diamines, dimer acids are used extensively to furnish polyamide resins. Their major applications are printing inks, hot-melt adhesives and coatings. Reactive polyamides are used as curing agents for epoxy resins. 

Methyl acrylate is used in manufacture of acrylic and modacrylic fibres, amphoteric surfactants, leather finish resins, textile and paper coatings and plastic films (United States National Libraiy of Medicine, 1997). 

Cationic surfactants have a positively charged head and these are used as fabric conditioners and even antiseptics - see page 168. They are attracted to fibres and will coat them with a layer one molecule thick, but that is enough to prevent strands matting together and this is why they make clothes feel softer. One that is often used is lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride, and various hair conditioners contain about 3% of this surfactant. 

Span surfactants are lipophilic and are generally soluble or dispersible in oil, forming water in oil emulsions. They are used for their excellent emulsification properties in personal care, industrial cleaning, fibre finish, crop protection, water treatment, paints and coatings, lubricant and other industrial applications. 

The three major routes are (i) true liquid crystal templating at high surfactant concentrations, which is used for the formation of monoliths, thick layers or, via electrodeposition techniques, formation of thin films (ii) cooperative self assembly at surfactant concentrations where micelles are present in solution, which can be used to make powders (with either well-defined particle shapes or random structures), fibres and thin films grown at interfaces from solution and (iii) EISA at very low surfactant concentrations, where no micelles are initially present in solution, and solutions are in general prepared in nonaqueous solvents. This route is used to prepare thin films by dip or spin coating and powders via aerosol routes. The following sections will look at the current understanding of the mechanisms involved in each route to mesoporous materials. 

Starch and sugar crops like wheat and sugar beet, as well as bioethanol, can be used to produce carbohydrates for use in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and surface coatings. Oilseed crops such as oilseed rape and sunflowers can, as well as biodiesel, produce lubricants, surfactants and slip agents. The main fibre crops such as flax, hemp and cereal straw can be used for making paper, textiles, insulation material and bio-composites for the car industry. 

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