Surface photometry

Figure 9. Surface photometry and color profiles for M 81. (a) Surface photometry in the IRAC bands along with bulge plus disk model fit to the 3.6 pm data, (b) Color profile in [3.6] — [4.5] which shows +0.4 mag redder colors in the nucleus, indicative of an AGN. (c) and (d) Color profile in [3.6] — [5.8] and [3.6] — [8.0], which are both redder than starlight alone due to PAH emission at the long wavelengths, (e) Color profiles in [5.8] — [8.0] for both the combined starlight and warm dust and the warm dust alone. The color of the warm dust is roughly consistent with PAH color [5.8] — [8.0] = 2.06 mag predicted by Li Draine (2001).

Key words NIR Imaging - Spiral Galaxies - Surface Photometry... 

This paper is a progress report on a project to acquire J- and K-band surface photometry on a restricted sample of Sa galaxies with accurate ro-... 

Abstract. We have obtained K-band surface photometry for a diameter limited sample of 38 Sb and Sc galaxies and compared it with surface photometry in B and R Rom photographic plates. Since extinction in K is relatively unimportant, we can investigate the radial behavior of extinction by looking how colors behave as a function of inclination of the galaxy. 

Key words spiral galaxies - surface photometry - near in ared... 

Nonresonance Raman spectra of the alternating LB films were measured by a total reflection method shown in Figure 23. The films were deposited on quartz prisms. The s-polarized beam of 647.1 nm from a Kr laser was incident upon the interface between the quartz and film at an angle of 45° from the quarz side, and totally reflected. Raman line scattered from the film in the direction of 45° from the surface was measured through a Spex Triplemate by a Photometries PM512 CCD detector with 512x512 pixels operated at -125 °C. The spectral resolution was about 5 cm 1. 

The advantages of flame photometry are reasonably good sensitivity, convenience, and versatility. For the alkali elements it is accepted as the standard method for water samples and can give good precision under carefully controlled conditions. The sensitivity for many elements (—i.e., zinc) is poor, and there can be severe matrix problems. Not only are there many examples of enhancement and suppression by other elements, but foreign constituents as they affect the viscosity, surface tension, and volatility of the samples can affect the emission efficiency (4, 11). 

Heat is the most common product of biological reaction. Heat measurement can avoid the color and turbidity interferences that are the concerns in photometry. Measurements by a calorimeter are cumbersome, but thermistors are simple to use. However, selectivity and drift need to be overcome in biosensor development. Changes in the density and surface properties of the molecules during biological reactions can be detected by the surface acoustic wave propagation or piezoelectric crystal distortion. Both techniques operate over a wide temperature range. Piezoelectric technique provides fast response and stable output. However, mass loading in liquid is a limitation of this method. 

The various terms that are used for the description of the emission of electromagnetic radiation from a radiant source or for the receipt of electromagnetic radiation by a specified surface element are summarized in Tab. 3-9. The terminology of electromagnetic radiation measurement is divided into radiometry and the subset of photometry (Fig. 3-18). The former is the science that involves the energy measurement of electromagnetic radiation in general. The latter is applied for the same purpose when visible radiation is to be described or measured in relation to the human eye s response. Important photometric quantities are for example luminous flux, luminous intensity, illuminance and luminance (McCluney, 1994). Every photometric quantity has its counterpart in radiometry, and vice versa. 

Fig. 3-152. Separation of heavy and transition metals on a surface-sulfonated cation exchanger. -Separator column IonPac CS2 eluent 0.01 mol/L oxalic acid + 0.0075 mol/L citric acid, pH 4.2 flow rate 1 mL/min detection photometry at 520 nm after reaction with PAR injection volume 50 pL solute concentrations 5 ppm Fe3+, 0.5 ppm Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+, 1 ppm Co2+, 10 ppm Pb2+, and 5 ppm Fe2+.

Calcination, conditioning and catalytic reaction under steady state and transient conditions were carried out in a microcatalytic tubular reactor using different feeds containing up to 30 vol % water vapour. The reaction products were determined by on line gas chromatography (MA and n-butane) and nondispersive IR photometry (C0,C02). In addition, experiments were performed with catalyst samples pretreated by mixtures of N2 with water vapour. The P V ratios in the surface and subsurface layers were determined by XPS and ISS, respectively. The influence of H2O on the solids was measured by in situ TG. 

Because the major application of OLEDs/PLEDs is for displays, the response of the human eye, described by the photopic luminosity function [15], must be taken into account. The photopic luminosity function is shown in Fig. 4.4. By using the photopic luminosity function, the radiance (watts/(sr m2)) is converted into the luminance (candela/m2, cd/m2 or lumen/(sr m2)). Therefore, photometry is used to measure the forward viewing luminance at the surface of an OLED/PLED. 

For the determination of lead in drinking and surface waters photometry is preferred. Lead ions form a colourless compound extractable with tetrachloromethane with diethyldithiocarbamate C5HjoNS2Na at pH 11-12.5, which reacts with copper ions to form yellow-brown copper diethyldithiocarbamate. Absorbance is measured at 435 nm (violet filter). The method is used for the determination of lead at concentrations of > 0.01 mg 1 [13]. 

Rapid progress currently is being made in interpreting photometry and polarimetry of particulate media. This is driven by the needs in many fields of science from laboratory experiments with biological objects to terrestrial and planetary remote sensing. One classic example of particulate media (powder-like surfaces) is a planetary regolith, i.e. soil. 

In this chapter we overview (1) the progress in telescopic and spacecraft observations of the opposition effects of some atmosphereless celestial bodies and (2) the problems in understanding the photometric and polarimetric properties of planetary regoliths at small phase angles. Since several reviews of photometric and polarimetric observations of the Moon, Mars, asteroids, and planetary satellites have been published [34-36], we focus on findings related predominantly to imaging photometry and polarimetiy of planetary surfaces with spacecraft and telescopic techniques. We consider also recent results concerning photometric and polarimetric observations of minor planets. 

The freshly dried powder has a specific surface area of 175 m /g and a coalescence factor of 24.5. Analysis by flame photometry shows a sodium content of 0.03%. Spec-trographic analysis gives the following results ... 

Only a limited number of biochemical analytes have an intrinsic optical absorption that can be measured with sufficient selectivity directly by spectroscopic methods. Other species, particularly hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose, which are of primary interest in diagnostic applications, are not susceptible to direct photometry. Therefore, indicator-mediated sensors have been developed using specific reagents that are properly immobilized on the surface of an optical sensor. 

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