Supramolecular chemistry carbon nanotubes

Liu Z, Sun X, Nakayama-Ratchford N, Dai H (2007a) Supramolecular Chemistry on Water-Soluble Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Loading and Delivery. ACS Nano 1 50-56. 

Figure 8.10 Soluble supramolecular complexes of carbon nanotubes, 0.01 M Na2S04, aqueous solution. Scan rate = 0.1 V/s T— 25°C working electrode is Pt disc (r — 0.05 cm). Potentials measured versus silver quasi-reference electrode (approximately —0.05 V versus SCE). Ref. 121, Reproduced by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Like the currently popular area, called nanoscience , the field of supramolecular chemistry has rather hazy boundaries. Indeed, both areas now share much common ground in terms of the types of systems that are considered. From the beginning, electrochemistry, which provides a powerful complement to spectroscopic techniques, has played an important role in characterizing such systems and this very useful book goes considerably beyond the volume on this same topic by Kaifer and Gomez-Kaifer that was published about 10 years ago. Some of the classic supramolecular chemistry topics such as rotaxanes, catenanes, host-guest interactions, dendrimers, and self-assembled monolayers remain, but now with important extensions into the realms of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and biomolecules, like DNA. 

First described in the literature in 1814, the blue reaction of iodine with starch is the best-known example of a polymerization process induced by supramolecular stabilization. Structural studies indicate that amylose (the linear fraction of starch) forms a helix with six glucose residues per turn to include guest iodine molecules. Inside this helix, iodine molecules form a polymeric chain with a periodicity of 3.1 A, which is much shorter than the nonbonded distance between iodine atoms (4.3 A) but greater than the single I-I bond distance (2.7 A). The amylose-iodine reaction is widely used in analytical chemistry and was utilized for the solubilization and purification of carbon nanotubes. 

N., and Dai, H. (2007) Supramolecular chemistry on water-soluble carbon nanotubes for drug loading and delivery. ACS Nano, 1, 50- 56. 

Highly anisotropic ID nanostructures composed of closely packed nanoparticles have been prepared using linear macromolecular or supramolecular templates such as polyelectrolytes [2, 3], carbon nanotubes [2-5], DNA [6-9], peptide nanofibrils [10, 11], tubulin [12, 13] and bacteriophage and tobacco mosaic virus rods [14, 15]. Moreover, ID arrays are produced by spontaneous alignment of nanoparticles with intrinsic electric dipoles to form anisotropic chains of metallic nanoparticles, driven by heterogeneities in the surface chemistry and polarity of the nanoparticles [16]. These methods have been recently used to obtain defined nanostructures, predominantly in many steps and not defect free, with inhomogeneous metallic nanoparticle distribution. 

The chapter Supramolecular Information/Programming from a Boolean Perspective, Concepts delves deeper into the reversible covalent bond toolbox. The equilibration of these strong covalent bonds, often referred to as dynamic covalent chemistry, is kineticaUy slower in comparison to weaker noncovalent interactions and often requires a catalyst. An extreme example might also include the formation of carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. While not spontaneous at room temperature, carbon vapor at high temperature does assemble to form these intricate and beautiful stractures. 

In addition, the advances in supramolecular chemistry, the constant pressme in device miniaturization in the electronic industry, and the development of materials with nanoscale dimensions, such as fullerene, " metallic nanoparticles, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have contributed to the rapid growth of the field in the past 30 years. 

L. Gu, F. Lu, P. G. Luo, et al., Functionahzed carbon nanotubes for bioapplications, in The Supramolecular Chemistry of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials, eds K. Rurack and R. Martmez-Mdnez, John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2010, pp. 197-233. 

Martin N. Nierengarten, J. F. Supramolecular Chemistry of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes-, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmBH Weinheim,... 

D. M. Guldi, E. Menna, M. Maggini, M. Marcaccio, D. Paolucci, F. Paolucci, S. Campidelli, M. Prato, G. M. Aminur Rahman, and S. Schergna, Supramolecular hybrids of [60]fullerene and single-wall carbon nanotubes. Chemistry -A European Journal, 12 (2006), 3975-83. 

These n interactions can be equally critical in materials chemistry applications, including self-assembled supramolecular architectures.For example, molecular wires can be formed from stacks of aromatic macrocycles.The binding of small molecules to carbon nanotubes and attraction between graphene sheets are both determined by noncovalent n interactions. The crystal structure and charge-transport properties of 7t-conjugated organic materials are also largely determined by n-n interactions. ... 

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