Device miniaturization

The most obvious, trivial consequence of micro-device miniaturization is a... 

In recent years, rapid advancements in photonic technologies have significantly enhanced the photonic bio/chemical sensor performance, especially in the areas of (1) interaction between the light and analyte, (2) device miniaturization and multiplexing, and (3) fluidic design and integration. This has led to drastic improvements in sensor sensitivity, enhanced detection limit, advanced fluidic handling capability, lower sample consumption, faster detection time, and lower overall detection cost per measurement. 

First, the decreasing supply voltages tend to reduce the dynamic range of analog circuitry, unless this is compensated for by a substantial increase of power dissipation. Next, device miniaturization enhances, rather than reduces, 1/f noise. Finally, the very high cost of silicon real estate after a deca-nanometer process could become incompatible with the requested size of on-chip sensors. 

Despite successful proof of principle that NO-releasing materials can be employed to fabricate a functional glucose sensor, the toxicity of the particles that leached from the polymer membrane remained a concern. Additionally, the amount and the duration of NO release were limited by the mass of the particles in the polymer film. Upon device miniaturization, the NO release may not prove sufficient to sustain biocompatibility. Two alternative strategies were explored to address these... 

Simple instrumentation (no external light source or wavelength selection required). For microfluidic devices, miniaturized photomultiplier tubes or photodiodes can be used to measure the emitted light. 

One of the advantages of CE is the ability to analyze extraordinarily small sample volumes (injected volumes are typically in the nanoliter range, and total sample volumes of a few microliters are easily accommodated by automated CE systems). Workup of microliter sample volumes is difficult because many HPLC sample preparation methods and devices are scaled for milliliter volumes. Fortunately, many sample preparation devices for handling small volumes have become commercially available in the last few years. These include miniature desalting columns and ultrafiltration cartridges, microdialyzers, and small-scale sorbent extraction devices. Miniaturized techniques for desalting and concentrat-... 

Figure 1 Predicted timeline for device miniaturization ( More Moore ) and implementation of bottom-up approaches ( Beyond CMOS ) and nanoelectronics/nanoelectromechanicaiyhybrid devices— More than Moore. ...

In addition, the advances in supramolecular chemistry, the constant pressme in device miniaturization in the electronic industry, and the development of materials with nanoscale dimensions, such as fullerene, " metallic nanoparticles, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have contributed to the rapid growth of the field in the past 30 years. 

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