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Supervised Independence

However, negotiations on final statns commenced significantly later than after the three years envisaged at Chateau Rambouillet. The Vienna discnssions began in 2005. A comprehensive settlement proposal emerged in March 2007. " The proposal was accompanied by the recommendation of UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari in favour of supervised independence for Kosovo. However, it could not be endorsed by the UN Security Council, leading to a situation that will be addressed briefly below. [Pg.118]

Overall, therefore, the Ahtisaari proposal provided Kosovo with all the competences necessary for statehood, but left it to individual states or institutions to form a view as to the statehood of the entity. This was a result of the fact that it was known that the two parties, Serbia and Kosovo, would never be able to agree on status. Ahtisaari did, however, attach to his proposal a separate recommendation to the UN Security Council. That recommendation was in favour of supervised independence, offering continued international involvement in the governance of Kosovo even after statehood.Despite the failure of the Ahtisaari process, this solution was nevertheless implemented by way of unilateral, but still supervised, independence. [Pg.138]

The failure of the Ahtisaari package to gain acceptance by Serbia, and by the UN Security Council, complicated the application of the scheme of supervised independence. In the end, Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008. In its Declaration, the Kosovo Assembly noted that Kosovo is a special case arising from Yugoslavia s non-consensual breakup and is not a precedent for any other situation . In substance ... [Pg.140]

VII. A process which includes quality assurance procedures to assure the accuracy and thoroughness of environmental audits. Quahty assurance may be accom-phshed through supervision, independent internal reviews, external reviews, or a combination of these approaches. [Pg.100]

Discriminant emalysis is a supervised learning technique which uses classified dependent data. Here, the dependent data (y values) are not on a continuous scale but are divided into distinct classes. There are often just two classes (e.g. active/inactive soluble/not soluble yes/no), but more than two is also possible (e.g. high/medium/low 1/2/3/4). The simplest situation involves two variables and two classes, and the aim is to find a straight line that best separates the data into its classes (Figure 12.37). With more than two variables, the line becomes a hyperplane in the multidimensional variable space. Discriminant analysis is characterised by a discriminant function, which in the particular case of hnear discriminant analysis (the most popular variant) is written as a linear combination of the independent variables ... [Pg.719]

Classical supervised pattern recognition methods include /( -nearest neighbor (KNN) and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA). Both... [Pg.112]

Introduction The chemical processing industry relies on many types of instrumented systems, e.g., the basic process control systems (BPCSs) and safety instrumented system (SIS). The BPCS controls the process on a continuous basis to maintain it within prescribed control limits. Operators supervise the process and, when necessary, take action on the process through the BPCS or other independent operator interface. The SIS detects the existence of unacceptable process conditions and takes action on the process to bring it to a safe state. In the past, these systems have also been called emergency shutdown systems, safety interlock systems, and safety critical systems. [Pg.103]

The Eiuopean Commission, representing the Community s interests, draws up common projects and, after a decision has been taken by the EU Council of Ministers, supervises their proper implementation. It is directed by 20 commissioners and is assisted in its work by a permanent staff of 17,000 most of whom are based in Brussels. It is independent of the governments but is subject to control of the European Parliament. It implements common policies and negotiates international agreements. [Pg.61]

External resources may he needed if the incident investigation work exceeds site capahilities. These resources could include corporate personnel or experts from outside the company. (The team leader may also he external if the incident is major since the leader s independence sets the tone for the investigation.) Company business unit leaders should confer with the team leader to determine whether external assistance is recommended. Factors to consider include significant offsite consequences such as environmental impact or product quality concerns. A team of trained specialists should formally investigate any process incident that could significantly affect the business. At the lower end of the scale, if a near miss or minor incident occurs that has no potential for significant consequences, local supervision or front-line personnel normally may perform the investigation without outside assistance. [Pg.106]

III.b. 1.8. Independent medicine information. Often, the only information about medicines that practitioners receive is provided by the pharmaceutical industry and may be biased. Provision of independent (unbiased) information is therefore essential. Drug information centres (DICs) and dmg bulletins are two useful ways to disseminate such information. Both may be run by government or a university teaching hospital or a non-governmental organization, under the supervision of a trained health professional. Whoever runs the DIG or bulletin must (1) be independent of outside influences and disclose any financial or other conflict of interest and... [Pg.89]

Current methods for supervised pattern recognition are numerous. Typical linear methods are linear discriminant analysis (LDA) based on distance calculation, soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), which emphasizes similarities within a class, and PLS discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), which performs regression between spectra and class memberships. More advanced methods are based on nonlinear techniques, such as neural networks. Parametric versus nonparametric computations is a further distinction. In parametric techniques such as LDA, statistical parameters of normal sample distribution are used in the decision rules. Such restrictions do not influence nonparametric methods such as SIMCA, which perform more efficiently on NIR data collections. [Pg.398]

Once the animal studies are completed human studies can commence, moving through phase I (up to 50 naive patients to establish a sufficient immune response) phase (several hundred patients in several locations) to phase III in which expanded studies on as many as thousands of patients. The trials require to be randomized and closely controlled by being blinded to avoid bias in interpretation. The patients all have to provide informed consent and strict adherence to good clinical practices in accordance with ethical principles is required to ensure risk-benefit considerations justify the risks associated with all trials of this type. The safety of the patients is an overall requirement and trials must be supervised by the appropriate independent ethics committee or the local Institutional Review Board. [Pg.331]

Norman P. Lieberman is a chemical engineer with more than three decades of experience in process design and plant operations supervision. Currently an independent consultant, he troubleshoots refinery process problems for such companies as Chevron, Olin, and Texaco. [Pg.426]

KNN)13 14 and potential function methods (PFMs).15,16 Modeling methods establish volumes in the pattern space with different bounds for each class. The bounds can be based on correlation coefficients, distances (e.g. the Euclidian distance in the Pattern Recognition by Independent Multicategory Analysis methods [PRIMA]17 or the Mahalanobis distance in the Unequal [UNEQ] method18), the residual variance19,20 or supervised artificial neural networks (e.g. in the Multi-layer Perception21). [Pg.367]

Supervised learning methods - multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant analysis (MVDA) - k nearest neighbors (kNN) - linear learning machine (LLM) - BAYES classification - soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) - UNEQ classification Quantitative demarcation of a priori classes, relationships between class properties and variables... [Pg.7]


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