Superior performance

At present time, metal-ceramic technology is quite expensive and its superior performance pays only in specific applications. 

In a united atomforce field the van der Waals centre of the united atom is usually associated v ilh the position of the heavy (i.e. non-hydrogen) atom. Thus, for a united CH3 or CH2 group the vem der Waals centre would be located at the carbon atom. It would be more accurate to associate the van der Waals centre with a position that was offset slightly from the carbon position, in order to reflect the presence of the hydrogen atoms. Toxvaerd has developed such a model that gives superior performance for alkemes than do the simple united atom models, particularly for simulations at high pressures [Toxvaerd 1990]. In... 

Epoxy novolac resins are produced by glycidation of the low-molecular-weight reaction products of phenol (or cresol) with formaldehyde. Highly cross-linked systems are formed that have superior performance at elevated temperatures. 

Parylene C was included among the eadiest MIL-I-46058 (51) qualified coatings (as type XY) and has since enjoyed a reputation for superior performance in protecting and preserving the operation of electronic circuits against the detrimental effects of their operating environments. 

The use of automatic machine tools, often computer controlled and programmable, requires abrasive elements which have performance and lifetime reproductibihty. Natural abrasives suffer on both counts performance is limited and inconsistent quaUty leads to unpredictable lifetimes. Manufactured abrasives have both superior performance and consistency consequendy, they have largely replaced the natural ones. 

In the long term, the bonded abrasive industry for precision grinding will be impacted by the superior performance of CBN and sol—gel abrasives. 

In other useful appHcations, siHcon nitride bearings have been found to offer exceUent performance siHcon nitride cutting tool inserts are a commercial product wear parts such as sand blast nozzles, seals, and die liners are also commercially produced the superior performance of heat exchangers has been demonstrated and there are also military appHcations. 

Hot tack strength is the abiUty of a heat-seal layer to hold together while molten, before the seal cools and sets up. This is a technically important property which is difficult to measure reproducibly in the laboratory. Owing to the reinforcing effect of ionic bonding on melt strength, ionomer sealing layers provide superior performance in a wide spectmm of appHcations. 

In aerospace appHcations, low density coupled with other desirable features, such as tailored thermal expansion and conductivity, high stiffness and strength, etc, ate the main drivers. Performance rather than cost is an important item. Inasmuch as continuous fiber-reinforced MMCs deUver superior performance to particle-reinforced composites, the former are ftequendy used in aerospace appHcations. In nonaerospace appHcations, cost and performance are important, ie, an optimum combination of these items is requited. It is thus understandable that particle-reinforced MMCs are increa singly finding appHcations in nonaerospace appHcations. 

Resin Solubilizers. In general, water-soluble resins ate amine salts of acidic polymers. Water-soluble coatings formulated with AMP-95 and DMAMP-80 exhibit superior performance (15,16) (see Water-SOLUBLE polymers). AMP-95, used in conjunction with associative thickeners (17) or hydroxy-ethylceUulose, provides for the most efficient utilization of such thickeners. It also is the neutralizer of choice for use with hair spray resins. 

Since melamine resins are derived from urea, they are more cosdy and are therefore restricted to appHcations requiring superior performance. Essentially ad of the melamine produced is used for making amino resins and plastics. 

Garnets have played an important role in the development of highly sophisticated microwave devices since the development of yttrium—iron garnet, yttrium iron oxide [12063-56-8]. The iron is strongly constrained to be trivalent in order to maintain electrical neutraUty in the crystal, which is essential for low microwave losses. Garnets have lower values of saturation magneti2ation than spinels, but provide superior performance in microwave devices because they have a narrower resonance line width. 

A wide range of clay materials have been used for decolorizing. These may be substantially cmde clay such as fuller s earth, which largely contains montmorillonite as the active clay ingredient, or specially treated attapulgites, montmorillonites, and kaolinites. Proprietary acid activation processes are frequentiy used for production of clay-derived materials of superior performance. 

As an example the use of ceramic membranes for ethane dehydrogenation has been discussed (91). The constmction of a commercial reactor, however, is difficult, and a sweep gas is requited to shift the product composition away from equiUbrium values. The achievable conversion also depends on the permeabihty of the membrane. Figure 7 shows the equiUbrium conversion and the conversion that can be obtained from a membrane reactor by selectively removing 80% of the hydrogen produced. Another way to use membranes is only for separation and not for reaction. In this method, a conventional, multiple, fixed-bed catalytic reactor is used for the dehydrogenation. After each bed, the hydrogen is partially separated using membranes to shift the equihbrium. Since separation is independent of reaction, reaction temperature can be optimized for superior performance. Both concepts have been proven in bench-scale units, but are yet to be demonstrated in commercial reactors. 

The boiling-film coefficient is about 30 percent lower for pure water than it is for salt water or seawater. There is as yet no accepted explanation for the superior performance in salt water. This phenomenon is also seen in evaporation from smooth tubes. 

The scale of the microscopic surface roughness is important to assure good mechanical interlocking and good durability. Although all roughness serves to increase the effective surface area of the adherend and therefore to increase the number of primary and secondary bonds with the adhesive/primer, surfaces with features on the order of tens of nanometers exhibit superior performance to those with features on the order of microns [9,14], Several factors contribute to this difference in performance. The larger-scale features are fewer in number... 

A technique for measuring an organization s products, services, and operations against those of its competitors, resulting in a search for best practice that will lead to superior performance. 

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