Supercapacitor polymer-based electrolyte

Hashmi, S.A., et al. 1998. Conducting polymer-based electrochemical redox supercapacitors using proton and lithium ion conducting polymer electrolytes. Polym Int 47 28. 

Ion liquid-based gel polymer electrolytes in combination with electronically conducting polymer-based electrodes, such as PEDOT, have been smdied to prepare supercapacitors [113, 114]. For instance, Pandey et al. have characterized devices with specific PEDOT electrode capacitance of-154.5 F g, maximum specific energy of 6.5 Wh kg", and specific power of 11.3 kW kg". ... 

In the past five years, many ion conducting polymers and gel electrolytes have been investigated for EDLC application. Figure 15 shows the capacities of various carbon electrodes in SPE or gel electrolytes. The values listed in this figure do not satisfy the requirements for EV. However, it is expected that the requirements of supercapacitors for EV can be achieved by development of devices based on composite electrodes and gel electrolyte systems as described in this chapter. 

A. Yoshizawa, M. Takeda, Y. Oura, Y. Takemoto and K. Naoi, Low-molecular-weight soluble polyaniline for electrolytic capacitor, Electrochemistry, 1999, 67, 45 H. Yamamoto, K. Kanemoto, M. Oshima and I. Isa, Self-healing characteristics of solid electrolytic capacitor with polypyrrole electrolyte, Electrochemistry, 1999, 67, 855 M. Mastragostino, R. Paraventi and A. Zanelli, Supercapacitors based on composite polymer electrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2000,147, 3167. 

Lewandowski, A., Zajder, M., Fr ckowiak, E., Begum, E, 2001. Supercapacitor based on activated carbon and polyethylene oxide-KOH-H20 polymer electrolyte. Electrochim. Acta 46,2777-2780. 

Sivaraman, P, A. Thakur, R. K. Kushwaha, D. Ratna, and A. B. Samui. 2006. Poly(3-methyl thiophene)-activated carbon hybrid supercapacitor based on gel polymer electrolyte. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 9 A435-A438. 

Rosi, M., F. Iskandar, M. Abdullah, and Khairurrijal. 2014. Hydrogel-polymer electrolytes based on polyvinyl alcohol and hydroxyethylcellulose for supercapacitor applications. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 9 4251-4256. 

Jain, A., and S. K. Tripathi. 2013. Experimental studies on high-performance supercapacitor based on nanogel polymer electrolyte with treated activated charcoal. Ionics 19 549-557. 

Tiruye, G. A., D. Munoz-Torrero, J. Pahna, M. Anderson, and R. Marcilla. 2015. Allsolid state supercapacitors operating at 3.5 V by using ionic liquid based polymer electrolytes. Journal of Power Sources 279 472—480. 

Tamilarasan, R, and S. Ramaprabhu. 2014. Stretchable supercapacitors based on highly stretchable ionic liquid incorporated polymer electrolyte. Materials Chemistry and Physics 148 48-56. 

Liew, C. W., S. Ramesh, and A. K. Arof. 2014. Good prospect of ionic liquid based-polyfvinyl alcohol) polymer electrolytes for supercapacitors with excellent electrical, electrochemical and thermal properties. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 39 2953-2963. 

Pandey, G. R, and S. A. Hashmi. 2013. Performance of solid-state supercapacitors with ionic liquid l-ethyl-3-methylimidazohum tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate based gel polymer electrolyte and modified MWCNT electrodes. Electrochimica Acta 105 333-341. 

Pandey, G. P., A. C. Rastogi, and C. R. Westgate. 2013. Polyacrylonitrile and 1-ethyl-3-methyliniidazolium thiocyanate based gel polymer electrolyte for solid-state supercapacitors with graphene electrodes. Electrochemical Capacitors 50 145-151. 

Hashmi and Upadhyaya compared the electrochemical properties of the electrochemically synthesized MnO /PPy composite electrodes, fabricated with different electrolytes, namely polymer electrolyte film (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA]-HjPO aqueous blend), aprotic liquid electrolyte (LiClO -propylene carbonate [PC]), and polymeric gel electrolyte (poly methyl methacrylate [PMMA]-ethylene carbonate [EC]-PC-NaClO ) [60]. The cell with aqueous PVA-H PO showed non-capacitive behavior owing to some reversible chemical reaction of MnO with water, while the MnO / PPy composite was found to be a suitable electrode material for redox supercapacitors with aprotic (non-aqueous) electrolytes. The solid-state supercapacitor based on the MnO /PPy composite electrodes with gel... 

The bulk of EAP-based supercapacitor work to date has focused on Type I devices. Polypyrrole (PPy, Figure 9.4C) has been studied [147,151-153] for this application, with specific capacitance values ranging from 40 to 200 F/g. Garcia-Belmonte and Bisquert [151] electrochemically deposited PPy devices that exhibit specific capacitances of 100-200 F/cm with no apparent dependence on film thickness or porosity extensive modeling of impedance characteristics was used. Hashmi et aL [153] prepared PPy-based devices using proton and lithium-ion conducting polymer electrolytes. As is often observed, electrochemical performance suffered somewhat in polymeric electrolytes single electrode specific capacitances of 40-84 F/g were observed with stability of 1000 cycles over a 1 V window. 

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