Conductive polymer-based

Marsella MJ, Swager TM (1993) Designing conducting polymer-based sensors - selective ionochromic response in crown-ether containing polythiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 115 12214-12215... 

Asensio, J. A., Borros, S. and Gomez-Romero, P. 2002. Proton-conducting polymers based on benzimidazoles and sulfonated benzimidazoles. Journal of Polymer Science Part A Polymer Chemistry 40 3703-3710. 

M. S. Freund and N. S. Lewis. 1995. A Chemically Diverse Conducting Polymer-Based Electronic Nose. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 92 2652-2656. 

Potje-Kamloth, K. (2001) Conducting polymer based Schottky and heterojunctions diodes and their sensor application. In Nalwa, H.S. (Ed.) Handbook of Surfaces and Interfaces of Materials, Vol. 5. Academic Press, p. 445—494. 

Principle of ion-to-electron transduction in conducting polymer-based ISEs... 

Conducting polymers based on polymer chains with conjugated double bonds are electroactive materials that have found widespread use also in the field of chemical sensors [11-41], Oxidation of the conjugated polymer backbone is accompanied by anion insertion or cation expulsion, as follows ... 

In some cases, conducting polymer-based ion-selective membranes can substitute the commonly used plasticized PVC-based ion-selective (liquid) membranes. However, there are fundamental differences between the two types of membranes. Conducting polymer membranes are most often non-plasticized and the charge is transported by both... 

Sandberg, R.G., L.J. Van Houten, J.L. Schwartz, R.P. Bighano, S.M. Dallas, J.C. Silvia, M.A. Cabelli, and N. Narayanswamy (1992). A conductive polymer-based immunosensor for the analysis of pesticide residues. In P.R. Mathewson and J.W. Finley, eds., Biosensor Design and Application. ACS Symposium Series 511. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, pp. 81-88. 

Conducting polymers have already been well documented in conjunction with the classical ionophore-based solvent polymeric ion-selective membrane as an ion-to-electron transducer. This approach has been applied to both macro- and microelectrodes. However, with careful control of the optimisation process (i.e. ionic/electronic transport properties of the polymer), the doping of the polymer matrix with anion-recognition sites will ultimately allow selective anion recognition and ion-to-electron transduction to occur within the same molecule. This is obviously ideal and would allow for the production of durable microsensors, as conducting polymer-based electrodes, and due to the nature of their manufacture these are suited to miniaturisation. There are various examples of anion-selective sensors formed using this technique reported in the literature, some of which are listed below. 

Biosensors, conducting polymer based - Conducting polymer based biosensors [i-xii] make use of the... 

Refs. [i] Strike DJ, De Rooij NF, Koudelka-Hep M (1993) Sens Actuators B 13-14 61 [ii] Schuhmann W (2002) Rev Molecular Biotechnol 82 425 (see also references in Biosensors, conducting polymer based ) [Hi] a) Kurzawa C, Hengstenberg A, Schuhmann W (2002) Anal Chem 74 355 b) Ngounou B, Neugebauer S, Frodl A, Reiter S, Schuhmann W (2004) Electrochim Acta 49 3855... 

Ballard Advanced Materials (BAM) ionomers are sulfonated copolymers of trifluorostyrene and substimted trifluorostyrene monomers. BAM, a subsidiary of Ballard Power Systems, investigated the conducting polymers based on polyphenylquinoxaline (PPQ). These can be sulfonated in a wide range and were referred to as BAMIG (Ballard first generation) membranes, but these membranes were found to have short durability. To overcome this problem, BAM developed a second generation of advanced membranes based on two distinct material types. The first material type consisted of a series of sulfonated poly(2,6-diphenyl 1,4-phenylene oxide). The second material type consisted of a series of sulfonated poly(arylether sulfone). But the durability of these membranes was also insufficient. Since the durability of previous membranes was limited, Ballard produced a novel family of sulfonated membranes based on a,p,p-ttifluorostyrene monomers and a series of substituted ttifluoro-comonomers... 

A system for combinatorial polymerization of conductive polymers based on electrical addressation was reported.43,47 This same approach was used also for preparation of DNA and protein-arrays.10,48 In the case of combinatorial applications,... 

Schuhmann, W., Conducting polymer based amperometric enzyme electrodes, Mikrochim. Acta 1995,121, 1-29... 

Freud, M. S. Lewis, N. S., A chemically diverse conducting polymer-based electronic nose , Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 2652-2656. 

Conducting polymer-based amperometric enzyme electrodes towards the development of miniaturized reagentless biosensors. Synthetic Metals, 61 (1-2), 31-35. 

Conducting polymers based on carbon black should contain a small amount of carbon black to facilitate processing. To reduce the amount of carbon black, one must create inhomogeneity in the material either by using the system which rejects carbon black from the crystalline region (opposite to the PCL/PVB blend above) or... 

Sensor technologies are developed using principles of physical and chemical sciences and their interrelationships. Some examples are fiber-optic-based, semiconductor-based, conducting polymer-based, mechanical, electrochemical, calorimetric, and colorimetric sensors. In this section these sensor technologies are discussed with respect to their functions, advantages, capabilities, and requirements. 

Marsella and Swager have studied conducting-polymer-based sensors for selective ionochromic response [126]. For example, the polymer (molecular weight 2800) depicted in Figure 98 showed a Al of 15 nm, 63 nm and 10 nm in the presence of Li, Na and K, respectively. 

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