Sunflower oil production

The evolution of the sunflower oil production (MMT) in the last few years is shown in Figure 31 by country/region [based on Gunstone (129)]. The world... 

Figure 34 shows the evolution of the sunflower oil production (MMT) by country/region in the last years, compared with the total sunflower oU production [based on Gunstone (129-131)]. The leading position in the producer market varies according to period, with fairly similar amounts for the European Union and Argentina (major producer countries), except for a sharp drop in Argentina in 2000-2001 as a result of the decrease in seed production (showed in Figure 31). As for ex-USSR, it became the world s largest producer country as of 1999-2000. The...

Figure 34. Sunflower oil production (MMT) by country/reglon, compared with total world production of sunflower oil [based on (129-131)].

In course of sunflower oil production, the metal content of crude sunflower oil is favourably influenced by the seed processing technology. 

U.S. exports of the other oilseeds are smaller and foUow different patterns (50). Exports accounted for only 2—3% of the cottonseed crop and 16—31% of the processed oil production for 1991—1994. Of the peanut crop ca one-half is consumed domestically as whole nut products and 15—20% is exported. Only about 10% of the sunflower seed crop is exported. From 1991 to 1994 an average of 70% of the oil was exported, but only about 11% of the meal was shipped overseas. 

Consumption of food with sterols and their oxides is a health concern. Oxidation products of phytosterol, including epimers of 7-ketositosterol and 7-hydroxycampes-terol, 7-ketocampesterol, epimers of 5,6-epoxy-sitosterol, 5,6-epoxycamposterol, 24 a-ethylcholestane-3(3,5,6 (3-triol, and 24 a-methylcholestane-3(3,5,6 (3-triol, in deep-fried potato chips in palm oil, sunflower oil, and high oleic sunflower oil were quanhtahvely analyzed by PTLC followed by GC and GC-MS [73]. 

E. A. Konovalov, Y. A. Ivanov, T. N. Shumilina, V. F. Pichugin, and N. N. Komarova. Lubricating reagent for drilling solutions—contains agent based on spent sunflower oil, water, vat residue from production of oleic acid, and additionally water glass. Patent SU 1808861-A, 1993. 

As mentioned earlier, both MCTs and LCTs are used in tube feeding products. Corn, soy, and safflower oils have been the mainstay sources of fat in these products, providing mainly co-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). On the other hand, some newer EN products contain higher quantities of co-3 PUFAs from sources such as fish oil [i.e., docosahexenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentenoic acid or (EPA)]. Still other formulas contain higher quantities of monounsaturated fatty acids from canola oil and high-oleic safflower or sunflower oils. The essential fatty acid (EFA) content (mainly linoleic acid) of EN... 

Enzymic action is not normally a problem since only the most heat resistant enzymes survive the cooking. Oxidation can occur, but unless some polyunsaturated material, e.g. sunflower oil, is present is unlikely to be the problem that limits shelf life. Products that have suffered oxidation tend in general to have a cardboard taste rather than any other effect. 

The soaps obtained from the vegetable oils can be pyrolyzed into hydrocarbon-rich products. The yield of conversion of the sunflower oil reached the maximum 78.3% at 660 K over ZnClj catalyst (Demirbas, 2003). 

Protons attached to the C atoms of the 1,2,4-trioxolane moiety of FOZs have chemical shifts at distinctly lower field than alcohols, ethers or esters. For example, the chemical shifts of the ozonide product in equation 100 (Section Vin.C.b.a) are S (CDCI3) 5.7 ppm for the H atoms of the trioxolane partial structure, and 4.1 ppm for the protons at the heads of the other ether bridge . Measurement of the rate of disappearance of these signals can be applied in kinetic studies of modifications in the ozonide structure. The course of ozonization of the methyl esters of the fatty acids of sunflower oil can be followed by observing in H and C NMR spectra the gradual disappearance of the olefinic peaks and the appearance of the 3,5-dialkyl-1,2,4-trioxolane peaks. Formation of a small amount of aldehyde, which at the end of the process turns into carboxylic acid, is also observed . 

Defatted Sunflower Seed Product % Protein % Oil Emulsified... 

Allman et al. (1995) noted that platelet EPA levels were more than double for individuals fed flaxseed oil compared to sunflower oil group. Platelet EPArarachidonic acid ratio (i.e., marker for thromboxane production and platelet aggregation potential) increased in the flaxseed group, thus a protective effect against cardiovascular disease, over LA-rich oils, would be expected. Their findings support the decreased platelet aggregation observed in hyperlipidemic subjects fed flaxseed (Bierenbaum et al., 1993). 

The major protein sources used in animal production are oilseed meals. Their use in poultry diets was reviewed by Ravindran and Blair (1992). Soybeans, groundnuts, canola and sunflowers are grown primarily for their seeds, which produce oils for human consumption and industrial uses. Cottonseed is a by-product of cotton production, and its oil is widely used for food and other purposes. In the past linseed (flax) was grown to provide fibre for linen cloth production. The invention of the cotton gin made cotton more available for clothing materials and the demand for linen cloth decreased. Production of linseed is now directed mainly to industrial oil production. Thus, soybean is clearly the predominant oilseed produced in the world. 

Bambase, M.E., Jr. Nakamura, N., Tanaka, J. and Matsumura, M. (2007) Kinetics of hydroxide-catalyzed mefhanolysis of crude sunflower oil for the production of fuel-grade methyl esters./. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 82, 273. 

L8. Lee, A., Thurnham, D. I., and Chopra, M., Consumption of tomato products with olive oil but not sunflower oil increases the antioxidant activity of plasma. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 29,1051-1055 (2000). 

The tropical oil crops, coconut and palm, are the most efficient oil-producing crops, with coconut plantations yielding up to 2 tonnes per hectare of oil and the best performing palm plantations from 5-6 tonnes per hectare. By comparison, oil yields of temperate oil crops are typically of the order of 1-2 tonnes per hectare for the best oil-yielding crops (oilseed rape and sunflower). Clearly, Table 2.1 represents only a small fraction of oil-bearing plant species. Many other seed, fruit and nut oils are extracted for food use, however unless they contain fatty acid profiles or fatty acid derivatives of specific industrial interest, total oil-yield, fatty acid yield and cost of the final oil product tends to limit their use in industrial applications on all but a small or localised scale. 

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