Sulphonated polystyrenes

Maroudas N G 1977 Sulphonated polystyrene as an optimal substratum for the adhesion and spreading of mesenohymal sells in monovalent and divalent saline solutions J. Cell. Physiol. 90 511-20... 

Alternatively the ion exchanger may be a synthetic polymer, for example a sulphonated polystyrene, where the negative charges are carried on the —SO3 ends, and the interlocking structure is built up by cross-linking between the carbon atoms of the chain. The important property of any such solid is that the negative charge is static—a part of the solid—whilst the positive ions can move from their positions. Suppose, for example, that the positive ions are... 

When either of the reactants is sensitive to mineral acids, the esterification can often be successfully accomplished with the aid of a cation exchange resin (hydrogen form) in the presence of benzene. Zeo-Karb 225/H, a unifunctional sulphonated polystyrene resin in the hydrogen form, may be used. Thus good yields of isopropyl lactate may be obtained ... 

Poly(ethylene terephtlhalate) Phenol-formaldehyde Polyimide Polyisobutylene Poly(methyl methacrylate), acrylic Poly-4-methylpentene-1 Polyoxymethylene polyformaldehyde, acetal Polypropylene Polyphenylene ether Polyphenylene oxide Poly(phenylene sulphide) Poly(phenylene sulphone) Polystyrene Polysulfone Polytetrafluoroethylene Polyurethane Poly(vinyl acetate) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(vinyl butyral) Poly(vinyl chloride) Poly(vinylidene chloride) Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Poly(vinyl formal) Polyvinylcarbazole Styrene Acrylonitrile Styrene butadiene rubber Styrene-butadiene-styrene Urea-formaldehyde Unsaturated polyester... 

These will be represented by (Res.A )B , where Res. is the basic polymer of the resin, A is the anion attached to the polymeric framework, B+ is the active or mobile cation thus a sulphonated polystyrene resin in the hydrogen form would be written as (Res.SO J)H. A similar nomenclature will be employed for anion exchange resins, e.g. (Res. NMeJ )CI . 

Amino acids are separated in their native form on a sulphonated polystyrene resin using a system of sodium or lithium based buffers. Separation is effected by stepwise, rather than gradient elution, and the chromatography can be further optimized by carefully controlling the temperature of the analytical column. 

Approximate selectivity coefficients for the exchange of various cations for lithium ions on a sulphonated polystyrene, a typically strong acid resin, are given in Table 18.1. The values are relative to Li = 1.0. The selectivity coefficient between two ions is the ratio of their selectivities relative to lithium. Hence, for a sodium-hydrogen exchange ... 

Sulphonated polystyrene Strong-acid cation exchanger Distributor... 

Method. The amino acids are separated in two steps. Acidic and neutral compounds are eluted from a pre-column (95 X 6 mm) and a column (450 X 6 mm) of sulphonated polystyrene (equilibrated at 55 °C) with a buffer (pH 4.10) consisting of 41.0 g of sodium acetate in acetic acid-0.5 M zinc(II) acetate-ethanol-25% Brij 35 (118 7 800 40). The basic amino acids are eluted from a column (200 X 6 mm) equilibrated at 55 °C with a buffer (pH 5.10) consisting of 738 g of sodium acetate in acetic acid-0.5 M zinc(II)... 

Figure 7.7 Zeta potentials (calculated from electrophoretic mobility data) relating to particles of different ionogenic character plotted as a function of pH in acetate-veronal buffer at constant ionic strength of 0.05 mol dm 3, (a) Hydrocarbon oil droplets, (b) Sulphonated polystyrene latex particles, (c) Arabic acid (carboxylated polymer) adsorbed on to oil droplets, (d) Serum albumin adsorbed on to oil droplets...

Strong base anion exchange resins are manufactured by chloromethylation of sulphonated polystyrene followed by reaction with a tertiary amine ... 

A C4 fraction and methyl alcohol (molar ratio methyl alcohol i-C4 = 1 1) is preheated to about 70°C before being sent to the reactor containing a fixed bed of sulphonated polystyrene resin. The reaction is exothermic (AH298=-37.7 kj/mol) and the heat produced is removed by means of cooling jackets so as to keep the temperature below 120°C. The reaction mixture from the top of the reactor is distilled and any unreacted butene is collected overhead with the azeotropic amount of methyl alcohol. The bottom contains pure MTBE. The distillate, together with additional methyl alcohol, is passed to a second reactor. The products from the second stage are extracted with water to remove residual methyl alcohol. The water-methyl alcohol solution is distilled to recover methyl alcohol, which is recycled. 

The catalysts used industrially in the MTBE process are sulphonated polystyrene resins of the macroreticular type. These strongly acidic materials are prepared by copolymerizing styrene and p-divinylbenzene in the presence of an organic compound that is a good solvent for the monomers but a poor swelling... 

Exchange resins are also employed for the concentration of ions present in very dilute solutions instances are the recovery of silver from photographic residues, chromate from the waste liquor of chromium plating and magnesium from sea water. They have also been used for the separation of rare earths (p. 426), and of uranium, plutonium and radio-active fission products (p. 437), and for plutonium and uranium-233 purification. A striking application was the historic separation of single atoms of mendelevium on a sulphonated polystyrene resin and their elution therefrom, at 87 , with a-hydroxyisobutyrate (Seaborg, 1955). 

Many schemes for fractionating nucleotides, nucleosides and bases on sulphonated polystyrene resins have been published. The main difficulty with these methods is variation between resin batches (e.g. Anderson et al. 1963). Nucleotide separations can be achieved on DEAE-cellulose (Whatman Data Sheet 13, 1967) and DEAE-Sephadex (Piers et al. 1965b) but these media do not seem to be widely used. Gel filtration columns will separate some nucleotide components. Ligand exchange chromatography and partition chromatography of nucleosides are useful for minor components. 

FFFF of water-soluble polyelectrolytes, sulphonated polystyrene and sodium salt of polyacrylic acid proved the applicability of this subtechnique even to the separation of macromolecules [60]. A complication which must be solved is represented by a concentration dependence of the effective dimensions of polyelectrolyte solutions. For this reason it may be difficult to interpret the fractograms obtained so that they may result in a distribution curve of molecular masses of the polymer studied. 

Lanthanides Sulphonated polystyrene Elution with citrate buffers... 

A related, but alternative, approach uses layer-by-layer adsorption driven by hydrogen-bonding interactions [51]. This has been accomplished with polyvinylpyrrohdone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, and polyethylene oxide. In the case of polyaniline, comparisons with films assembled via the electrostatic mechanism, using sulphonated polystyrene, indicate that the nonionic polymers adsorb onto polyanihne with a greater density of loops and tails and form highly interpenetrated bilayers with high polyaniline content. 

However, to the latter group (other substances) polymers of not firlly recognized properties, which properties are given only by producers, are included. They are, among other, the multi-ring srrlphonates, alkylarylsrrlphonates adds, sulphonated polystyrene, sulphonated creosote— formaldehyde condensates and marty others [373],... 

No.24, 20th Nov.1995, p.8209-15 SULPHONATED POLYSTYRENE lONOMERS NEUTRALISED BY BI- AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL ORGANIC CATIONS. L AN INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY Xiao-Dong Fan Bazuin C G Quebec,Universite Laval... 

Hydrolysis and Other Reactions and Features.- The kinetics of hydrolysis of sucrose using sulphonated polystyrene-divlnylbenzene at 40-70°C have been investigated, and the kinetic isotope... 

Possibly the simplest example of the first approach would be the substitution of a sulphonated polystyrene-divinylbenzene polymer ion-exchange resin (in free acid form) for p-toluene sulphonic acid as the catalyst in an esterification or other acid-catalysed chemical reaction (see section 11.7.2). The ion-exchange resin may be used in bead form and packed into a tubular reactor, or may be introduced as a powder and subsequently filtered off. Furthermore, the solid resin may prove less corrosive to the metal walls of an industrial reaction vessel. 

Chromatography Separations of the diastereomeric derivatives were carried out on an amino acid analyser using a sulphonated polystyrene column. For the exact conditions the reader is directed to the original reference [140). 

Figure 8.15 Separation of sulphonated polystyrene samples of indicated molecular mass by programmed field flow FFF. Reprinted with permission from Anal. Chem. 58, 573 1986...

Flow FFF is perhaps most promising in the area of water-soluble polymers. These polymers, which as a class are very difficult or impossible to separate by thermal FFF, can be fractionated according to diffusion coefficient or Stokes radius (which translate to molecular mass) in a flow FFF system using a water-compatible membrane such as cellulose acetate. Such a fractionation is shown in Figure 8.15, illustrating the programmed field separation of three sulphonated polystyrene components in a 510-//m-thick channel. The fact that the time of separation is somewhat longer than desired can be related to the excessive thickness of the channel, ten times thicker than the thinnest thermal FFF channel utilized. Recently we have been able to work successfully with a... 

The cation columns consist of sulphonated polystyrene diphenylbenzene (see Fig. 65). 

Sulphonated polystyrene-poly(divinylbenzene) resins Sulphonated PPS-PDVB -SO3H [H(H20) ]+ [H(ROH)] + Ether synthesis Olefin oUgomerization Liquid/ sohd 40-100... 

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