Sulphonated poly

The presence of the either linkages is sufficient to allow the material to be melt processed, whilst the polymer retains many of the desirable characteristics of polyimides. As a consequence the material has gained rapid acceptance as a high-temperature engineering thermoplastics material competitive with the poly-sulphones, poly(phenylene sulphides) and polyketones. They exhibit the following key characteristics ... 

Alkali earths Ca, Mg Sulphonated poly (styrene- divinyl benzene) 0.12M hcio4 Ions coupled with Arsenazo 1 pH10 in post column reaction Spectrophotometric at 590nm [16,17]... 

Not surprisingly a number of other poly(aryl ethers) have been prepared from aromatic dihalides not containing sulphone links. For example, a number have been prepared from difluorobenzophenone and, in general, it is found that such materials have TgS about 30-40°C lower than the corresponding sulphone polyether. In fact it is generally found that the higher Tg values are obtained with the sulphone poly ethers. 

Wijers, M. C., Jin, M., Wessling, M., Strathmann, H. (1998). Supported liquid membranes modification with sulphonated poly(ether ether ketone). Permeability, selectivity and stability. J. Membr. Sci., 147, 117-30. 

Also membranes from other polymers, such as sulphonated poly-sulphone and polyphenylene oxide, were reported, but apparently they were not put into production. This also counts for the polybenzimidazole (PBI) introduced by the Celanese Research Company (17). 

The polyacrylate polymers and a derivative of a vinyl acetate maleic anhydride copolymer cause V30 to decrease monotonically with increasing polymer concentration, similar to the CMC polymers (Figure 46). The polymers PVA and poly(vinyl pyridinium) (PVP) hydrochloride markedly increased V30 at low concentration at concentrations above 1 g of polymer per gram of added bentonite PVA functions as a static fluid loss additive. The maximum in the API fluid loss at low PVA concentrations approximately coincides with the maximum in the yield stress and plastic viscosity found by Heath and Tadros (75). The increased static fluid loss is consistent with Heath and Tadros s conclusion that bentonite is flocculated by low concentrations of PVA. The concentration of PVA required to decrease V30 below that of the neat bentonite suspension is significantly larger than the concentration of CMC, where effective static fluid loss control can be achieved at polymer bentonite weight ratios of about 0.1 g/g. More effective fluid loss control has been achieved with other synthetic polymers such as poly(vinyl sulphonate)-poly(vinyl amide) copolymer (40) and other sulphonated polymers (39). 

A Lewis Acid/Ion Exchange Resin Superacids.- Superacid catalysts obtained by the action of AlCl vapours on an ion exchange resin(macroporous, sulphonated poly/styrene-di-vinylbenzene) can be considered as a full analogue to a liquid superacid. This catalyst was obtained and studied by Gates and is characterized by strong proton acidity, following structure ... 

Polyether sulphone Poly ether imide Poly-phenylene sulphide Polyether sulphone Polyether imide Poly-phenylene sulphide... 

C. Bailly, DJ. Williams, F.E. Karasz, WJ. Macknight, The sodium salts of sulphonated poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) preparation and characterization, Polymer 28 (6) (1987) 1009-1016. 

Moderate Poly(styrene sulphonate)/poly(vinyl... 

Han DK, Lee NY, Paik KD, Kim YH, Ik Cho H, Min BG. Heparin-like anticoagulant activity of sulphonated poly(ethylene oxide) and sulphonated poly(ethylene oxide)-grafted polyurethane. Biomaterials 1995 16 467-71. http //dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(95)98819-Z. 

New Polymers and Other Modes of Deformation.—Three relatively new polymers have become available recently poly (ether ketones), poly (ether ether ketones) and poly(ether sulphones). Poly(ether ether ketones), (PEEK), have good electrical insulating properties and very good abrasion resistance. This combination makes the polymer an attractive coating for electrical conductors. The same polymer is also attractive as a load bearing material for moving parts. Poly(phenylene sulphide) continues to be developed for this purpose but the PEEKS are much simpler to fabricate. Linear low-density polyethylenes are expected to be widely available in the near future. These materials have many attractive features, particularly as packaging materials. 

Dai H, Zhang H, Zhong H et al (2010) Properties of polymer electrolyte membranes based on poly(aryl ether benzimidazole) and sulphonated poly(aryl ether benzimidazole) for high temperature PEMFCs. Fuel Cells 10 754-761... 

Polysulphones Poly(ether sulphones) Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Poly(phenyl methyl silane) Poly(methyl propyl silylene) Poly(methyl phenyl silylene) Wool keratin proteins... 

Lakshmi, R.T.S.M., Meier-Haack, J., Schlenstedt, K., Komber, H., Choudhary, V., Vatma, 1. (2006) Synthesis, characterisation and membrane properties of sulphonated poly(aryl ether sulphone) copolymers. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 66, 634-644. 

A composite membrane with sulphonated poly(decafluorobiphenyl-4-4 -(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphenol) (SDFF) ° (Scheme 4.3) + 4 wt% by... 

Hongwei et al. found that sulphonated poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (SPPEK)/12-PWA composite membranes showed improved conducting properties, and the SPPEK/ZrP composite membrane showed similar conducting properties to the pure SPPEK membrane. The SPPEK/ PWA composite membrane showed the highest proton conductivity, 0.17 S/ cm at 80°C.The difference in conducting properties between the SPPEK/ PWA composite membrane and the SPPEK/ZrP composite membrane can be explained by their conduction mechanism. 

Organic components can also be introduced in perfluorinated membranes, to increase the membrane selectivity. Polyvinylidene (PVDF) can effectively suppress the swelling of Nafion due to its high crystallite nature and further improve the selectivity [17]. By simple blending of PVDF with Nafion, the CE of the battery can be improved due to its higher ion selectivity, and the EE increases as well. The use of acid-base membranes such as SPEEK (sulphonated poly(ether ether ketone)), and PSf-ABIm (polysulphone-2-amide-benzimidazole) is another way to improve membrane selectivity via the interactions between sulphonated acid and amide basic groups [18,19]. 

AEM Poly-sulphone, Poly-styrene /vinyl Pall/Raipore R1030, Poly-ethylene, Poly-styrene/di vinyl... 

A. Hamza, G. Chowdhury, T. Matsnnra, S. Sonrirajan, Sulphonated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)-polyethersnlphone composite membranes—Effects of composition of solvent system, used for preparing casting solution, on membrane-surface structure and reverse-osmosis performance, J Memb Sci, 129 (1997) 55-64. 

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