Sulfur-and nitrogen-containing compounds

4 Sulfur- and nitrogen- containing compounds 10.6.4.1 -monosubstituted thiocarboxamides 

The iV-monosubstituted thiocarboxamide (R = H, Me or Cl) illustrated in Equation (10.57) combines with COCl to give a cyclic derivative, which rearranges in acid solution at room temperature to give a thioketone [2244], 

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Figure 9.2. Typical sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds in crude oil.

The feed hydrocarbons, which come from the FCC or from the etherification unit of a petroleum refinery, usually have to be treated before entering the alkylation unit. They contain water, butadienes, and sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds and—when coming from an etherification unit—traces of oxygenates. 

Hwang, Y., T. Matsuo, K. Hanaki, and N. Suzuki (1995), Identification and quantification of sulfur and nitrogen containing compounds in wastewater, Water Sci. Tech., 29(2), 711—718. 

Sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds will produce their corresponding oxides and should not be incinerated without considering their effects on air quality. Halogenated hydrocarbons not only may affect air quality but also may corrode the incinerator. Also, organo-metallic compounds containing cadmium, mercury, and so on, are not recommended for incineration because of the potential for air and solid waste contamination. 

Nirmalakhandan et al. (1997) later applied this estimation method to 105 new chemicals, including oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, containing compounds which were not present in the original set. The average factor of error (AFE) was 3.57, with 80% of the estimations being less than an AFE of 3.0. They also developed an estimation method for KAW as a function of absolute temperature in the form of the equation... 

As a result, the majority of contributions to the present edition have had to be either updated or completely replaced by new articles. This applies to the sections mentioned above, but also to the rapidly growing area of enantioselective synthesis (Sections 3.3.1 and 3.2.6), the catalytic hydrogenation of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds in raw oils (Section 3.2.13), the Pauson-Khand reaction (Section 3.3.7), and a number of industrially relevant topics covered under Applied Homogeneous Catalysis in Part 2. New aspects of organometallic catalysis have emerged from the chemistry of renewable resources (Section 3.3.9) and the chemistry around the multi-talented catalyst methyltrioxorhenium (Section 3.3.13). 

Shibamoto, T. Formation of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds from the reactions of alkanediones with hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1977, 25, 206-208. 

Yeast reductions have shown great versatility by the synthetic organic chemist to prepare chiral alcohols from prochiral ketones, most of which have used Sac-charomyces cerevisiae (Baker s yeast). In addition to prochiral ketone reductions, hundreds of other examples of yeast reductions have been cited in the literature using a variety of substrates such as P-keto esters, [l-dikctones, and analogs such as sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds [49-52]. Examples of yeast reductions used to prepare some important chiral intermediates as reported by several pharmaceutical companies are given in this section. 

The volatile compounds of these samples were analyzed using SPME-GC-MS. 15 of the compounds included in Table 1 were identified in most samples of at least a group and underwent statistical analysis butane-2,3-dione, acetic acid, 3-methylbutanal, pentanal, hexanal, butanoic acid, hex-( )-2-enal, 3-methylbutanoic acid, heptan-2-one, hept-( -2-enal, octanal, oct-( )-2-enal, 1-octen-3-ol, and non-( )-2-enal. The effect of sodium chloride content, sodium nitrite, added amino acids and reaction time on these compounds is shown below. None of the esters, sulfur and nitrogen containing compounds included in Table 1 could be statistically analyzed. 

In this system, control of deactivation takes a different course. For heavier fractions, the excessive carbon formation results from asphaltenes. These are large molecules, much more complex than the organic sulfur-and nitrogen-containing compounds that are hydrotreated. The problem was reduced by taking advantage of pore shapes as shown in Fig. 8.24. In... 

To aid in the detection of sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds, the extract was analyzed on a HP6890 gas chromatograph equipped with an atomic emission detector (AED) (Hewlett Packard, Wilmington, PA). The gas chromatograph conditions were the same as those described above. 

Shibamoto investigated the formation of sulfur and nitrogen containing compounds upon heating an aqueous model system consisting of furfural, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia at 100 C for 2 hours. Furfiiryl mercaptan was identified as a prominent, but not the major, component in the reaction mixture (11). The pH of the system was not reported. 

It should be noted that sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds act like the oxygenated materials relative to the solubility of ferric thiocyanate. Acids and oxidizing compounds interfere with the test. 

Nonhydrocarbon types, such as sulfur and nitrogen-containing compounds, are not included in the matrices for this method. If these nonhydrocarbon types are present to... 

Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis converts natural gas-, coal- and biomass-derived syngas into liquid hydrocarbon fuels which are totally free of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds and have very low aromatic contents [1]. FT synthesis proceeds on cobalt metal sites, the overall niunber of cobalt metal sites on supported catalysts depends on both cobalt dispersion and reducibility. Decomposition of cobalt precursor is an important step in the catalyst preparation, which could significantly influence both cobalt dispersion and cobalt phase composition [2,3]. 

The calculation of the initial molar concentrations for sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds and olefins can be made by the following expressions ... 

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