Sulfur, abundance

The U.S. has vast coal resources of various geologic age (Carboniferous to Tertiary) and rank (lignite to anthracite). The regions with major coal resources in the conterminous U.S. are divided into six provinces Eastern, Interior, Rocky Mountains, Northern Great Plains, Gulf, and Pacific Coast. In addition, there are Alaskan coal fields (1). Information concerning geographic area, age, rank, reserve base, and sulfur abundance in coals from major basins in these provinces is summarized in Table I. 

Table I. Sulfur abundance in coals of major coal basins in the U.S.

Coal basin Geographic area Rank Reserve base Sulfur abundance... 

Weisberg et al. 2006 Chapter 1). The key point is that subdivision of chondrites is based on differences in the basic chemical, mineralogical, and textural properties that are unique to each class. Chondrites also record difference in redox conditions before and during their accretion providing important clues to disk environments and properties such as oxygen, carbon, and sulfur abundances in these regions. 

The geochemical models of Wanke and Dreibus (1988), Lodders and Fegley (1997), and Sanloup et al. (1999) suggest that the core comprises 20.6-23.0% of the mass of Mars. All these model cores are sulfur rich, but differ significantly in core mass and sulfur abundance (Table 5). Measured siderophile element abundances in martian meteorites are consistent with equilibrium between sulfur-bearing metal and silicate at high temperature and pressure (Righter and Drake, 1996). 

The noble gas, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur abundances in Jupiter can be compared to the predicted compositions of icy planetesimals to provide details on when and how material was accreted during the formation of Jupiter. Unfortunately the oxygen abundance in Jupiter is unknown, and since water as the primary oxygen carrier was the dominant ice in planetesimals as well (based on observations of comets), one requires this abundance to decide among models. In its absence, the current heavy element inventory can be explained by a model in... 

SULFUR ABUNDANCE IN RECENT MARINE SEDIMENTS. 6.1 Controls on Sulfur Abundance... 

Figure 6 Histogram showing sulfur abundance in marine sediments. Data are from a variety of sources but exclude...

Crude oils generally contain less oxygen than sulfur (Table 1,5). Even though it is not abundant, oxygen can play a consequential role in particular, it is responsible for petroleum acidity. Oxygen is found in the following compounds ... 

We also developed a number of other useful new fluorinating reagents. They ineluded a convenient in situ form of sulfur tetrafluoride in pyridinium polyhydrogen fluoride, selenium tetrafluoride, and ey-anurie fluoride. We introdueed uranium hexafluoride (UFg), depleted from the U-235 isotope, which is an abundant by-product of enrichment plants, as an effective fluorinating agent. 

Compounds that contain chlorine, bromine, sulfur, or silicon are usually apparent from prominent peaks at masses 2, 4, 6, and so on, units larger than the nominal mass of the parent or fragment ion. Eor example, when one chlorine atom is present, the P + 2 mass peak will be about one-third the intensity of the parent peak. When one bromine atom is present, the P + 2 mass peak will be about the same intensity as the parent peak. The abundance of heavy isotopes is treated in terms of the binomial expansion (a -I- h) , where a is the relative abundance of the light isotope, b is the relative abundance of the heavy isotope, and m is the number of atoms of the particular element present in the molecule. If two bromine atoms are present, the binomial expansion is... 

Production of nitric phosphates is not expected to expand rapidly ia the near future because the primary phosphate exporters, especially ia North Africa and the United States, have moved to ship upgraded materials, wet-process acid, and ammonium phosphates, ia preference to phosphate rock. The abundant supply of these materials should keep suppHers ia a strong competitive position for at least the short-range future. Moreover, the developiag countries, where nitric phosphates would seem to be appealing for most crops except rice, have already strongly committed to production of urea, a material that blends compatibly with sulfur-based phosphates but not with nitrates. 

Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate may be prepared by neutralization of sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate or oxide, or it can be obtained directly from natural sources. It occurs abundantly as a double salt and can also be obtained from the magnesium salts that occur in brines used for the extraction of bromine (qv). The brine is treated with calcium hydroxide to precipitate magnesium hydroxide. Sulfur dioxide and air are passed through the suspension to yield magnesium sulfate (see Chemicals frombrine). Magnesium sulfate is a saline cathartic. 

There are four stable isotopes of sulfur and S, which have relative abundances of 95.1, 0.74, 4.2, and 0.016%, respectively. The relative... 

Pyrite is the most abundant of the metal sulfides. Eor many years, until the Erasch process was developed, pyrite was the main source of sulfur and, for much of the first half of the twentieth century, comprised over 50% of world sulfur production. Pyrite reserves are distributed throughout the world and known deposits have been mined in about 30 countries. Possibly the largest pyrite reserves in the world are located in southern Spain, Portugal, and the CIS. Large deposits are also in Canada, Cypms, Einland, Italy, Japan, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Turkey, the United States, and Yugoslavia. However, the three main regional producers of pyrites continue to be Western Europe Eastern Europe, including the CIS and China. 

Carbonyl sulfide is overall the most abundant sulfur-beating compound ia the earth s atmosphere 430—570 parts per trillion (10 ), although it is exceeded by H2S and SO2 ia some iadustrial urban atmospheres (27). Carbonyl sulfide is beheved to origiaate from microbes, volcanoes, and the burning of vegetation, as well as from iadustrial processes. It may be the main cause of atmospheric sulfur corrosion (28). 

Oxygen is by far the most abundant element in cmstal rocks, composing 46.6% of the Hthosphere (4). In rock mineral stmctures, the predominant anion is, and water (H2O) itself is almost 90% oxygen by weight. The nonmetaUic elements fluorine, sulfur, carbon, nitrogen, chlorine, and phosphoms are present in lesser amounts in the Hthosphere. These elements aU play essential roles in life processes of plants and animals, and except for phosphoms and fluorine, they commonly occur in earth surface environments in gaseous form or as dissolved anions. 

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