Sulfonation, caution

USE In photographic developers in alkaline storage bet-teries in prepn of other lithium salts where use of carbonate is not practical as catalyst in the production of alkyd resins, in esterifications in the production of lithium soaps, greases, sulfonates. Caution Strongly alkaline and hence caustic. Very irritating to skin. Systemic loxicity similar to other lithium compds. See Lithium. 

The final ring coupling reaction is usually an O-alkylation of the sodium enolate with a methyl sulfonate-, bromo-, or chloro-butenolide in acetonitrile or an ether solvent (8.22-24). Use of the methyl sulfonate derivative is least preferred because of its poor stability (9,24). The isolated hydroxymethylene lactone can be allowed to react with the bromobutenolide using potassium carbonate in hexamethylphosphoric triamide (caution a potential carcinogen). 

Caution is advised [1] to prevent explosions when using an analytical method involving sequential addition of acetic acid, aqueous 4-toluenesulfonic acid and acetic anhydride to serum [2], It is difficult to see why this should happen, unless the anhydride were all added before the sulfonic acid solution. 

To [Co(en)2((S)-GluOBzl)]I2 (5.0 g, 7.3 X 10 3 mol) in dry trimethyl-phosphate (18 ml, 4A sieves) contained in a conical flask equipped with a drying tube was added methyl trifluoromethane sulfonate (8.0 g, 4.9 x 10 2 mol) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min (Caution The alkylating agent is believed to be extremely toxic. Use a hood and avoid skin and vapor contact). The deep orange solution was then slowly poured into rapidly stirred dry ether (600 ml) and the precipitated semisolid recovered by decantation. The residue was dissolved in the minimum volume of dry methanol (10-20 ml), the product reprecipitated using further dry ether (400 ml), and the solid recovered as before. A further precipitation using methanol (10-20 ml) and dry ether (800 ml) produced the complex as a finely divided solid. This was recovered by filtration (porosity 4 sin-... 

Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate (Kayexalate) [Potassium Removing Resin] Uses Rx of T K Action NaVK" ion-exchange resin Dose Adults. 15-60 g PO or 30-60 g PR q6h based on serum Peds. 1 g/kg/dose PO or PR q6h based on serum (given w/ agent, eg, sorbitol, to promote movement through the bowel) Caution [C, M] Contra T Na" Disp Powder, susp SE T Na", -i Na retention, GI upset, fecal impaction Interactions T Risk of systemic alkalosis W/ Ca- or Mg-containing antacids EMS Monitor ECG for h5 pokalemia (flattened T waves) OD Not systemically absorbed but may cause h5 pokalemia and the associated effects (muscle weakness, confusion) and bowel obstruction s5rmpto-matic and supportive... 

Another possible solution to the problem of high temperature stability is the use of additives. Not exactly a stranger to petroleum people (as evidenced by use in gasoline and lubricants) they generally fall into two classes metallic and non-metallic. The former, for the most part are metal salts of sulfonates or naphthenates, whereas the latter are either amines or amine derivatives (later other organics may prove more effective) Use of additives in jet fuels, however, must of necessity be approached with caution. As surface active materials, many have a variety of uses and properties. Hence, they must not introduce new problems such as foaming at high altitudes, emulsification, or interference with low temperature flow. These could easily be severe limitations, but additives are under serious consideration thruout the industry... 

Caution. The reagents trimethyltriazacyclonane and trifluoromethane sulfonic acid are harmful by inhalation and by contact with skin. Potassium cyanide is highly toxic and produces volatile, poisonous hydrogen cyanide on protonation. All operations must be conducted in a well-ventilated fume hood. Wear appropriate protective clothing, gloves, and eye protection. 

Caution Since ( )-a-pinene is hydroborated to the dialkyl-borane state (R2BH), a large amount of hydrogen is evolved on addition of hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid. Consequently, the addition should be earned out dropwise and adequate ventilation should be provided. 

Caution. Pouring the sulfonation mixture into ice generates a high amount of heat and should be done carefully to avoid splashing and local boiling ... 

In the years since the last review of sulfonic esters of carbohydrates, there have been many developments in physical methods for isolation of organic compounds and for their structural elucidation. Column chromatography on a variety of adsorbents has found wide application in the separation and isolation of esters of carbohydrates. Caution should be exercised in the use of alumina as the adsorbent for primary sulfonates on neutral or basic alumina of activity I, selective hydrolysis of the primary sulfonate group occurred with methyl 3,4 - di - O - methyl - 2,6 - di - O - (methylsulfonyl) - a - D - glucopyranoside, methyl 2,3-di-0-methyl-4,6-di-0-(methylsulfonyl)-/3-D-glucopyrano-side, and methyl 4-0-methyl-2,3,6-tri-0-(methylsulfonyl)-a-D-manno-pyranoside in benzene or ethanol-free chloroform. Analogous results... 

Note Great caution should be exercised in handling fuming sulfuric acid and, in general, ali hot sulfonating mixtures. Goggles shovid be worn. 

From Figure 10 it appears that a dipolar relaxation labeled a is superimposed on the phenomenon we have just discussed. The behavior of this a peak correlates well with the behavior of the dynamic mechanical a relaxation since it increases in magnitude and decreases in temperature with increasing sulfonation. The presence of this peak in the dielectric spectra of these materials and its behavior as a function of sulfonate concentration are consistent with the assignment of the mechanical a relaxation to an ionic-phase mechanism. However, it is not possible to cite this dielectric peak as proof of the mechanical assignment the known presence of ionic impurities in these systems and the unknown origin of the large increases in tan 8 and c dictate that the dielectric results be interpreted with caution. 

Use Intermediate in sulfuric acid manuf in sulfonations for formation of addition compds with amines in the manuf of explosives. Caution.- Irritant and corrosive to mucous membranes. May cause coughing, choking and severe discomfort in a conen of 1 ppm. 

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