Sulfonated poly cardo

Ng F, Jones D J, Roziere J, Jeske M and Schuster M J (2010), Novel sulfonated poly(arylene ether benzimidazole) Cardo proton conducting membranes for PEMFC , J Membrane Sci, 362,184-191. 

Sulfonated cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPES-NH2) [56]... 

Great improvements in the TFC membranes were also experienced by Chen et al. [56] by incorporating water-soluble amine reactants—sulfonated cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SPES-NH2)—into an aqueous solution containing MPD. Under optimum preparation conditions, the TFC membranes prepared from SPES-NH2 showed remarkable increase in water permeability (51.2 L/m h) with a slight decrease in salt rejection (97.5% at 2000 ppm NaCl, 2 MPa) compared to membranes prepared without SPES-NH2 (37.4 L/m h and 99%). The improved results are attributed to the incorporation of hydrophilic SPES-NH2 to PAs and/or a higher degree of cross-linking formed in the thin selective layer. In view of the importance of hydrophilicity on TFC membrane performance, a novel amine monomer—3,5-diamino-A-(4-aminophenyl) benzamide (DABA)—with three amino... 

Chen, G., Li, S., Zhang, X., and Zhang, S. 2008. Novel thin-fihn composite membranes with improved water flux from sulfonated cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone) bearing pendant amino groups. Journal of Membrane Science 310 102—109. 

Other polysulfone membranes for DMFC were prepared by sulfonation of commercial polyethersulfone with Cardo group (sPES-C) [473] (Fig. 6.9), by sulfonation of a commercial poysulfone and the use of silica as a filler [474], by "click" cycloaddition of alkyne sulphonate to polysulfone containing azide moieties and crosslinked with 1,7-octadiyne [475], and by polycondensation of 4,4 -difluorodiphenyl sulfone (DFDPS) and l,3-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)benzene,6,7-dihydroxy-2-naphtha lene sulfonate with bisphenol [476]. Commercial poly(phtalazinone ether sulfone ketone (PPESK) [477], Udel (Solvay) polysulfone [478-480], and Lasuf Lati SPA) polysulfone [481] were sulfonated to prepare membranes for DMFC. Relative selectivity larger than 7 have been obtained with some of these membranes [477,478], as indicated in Fig. 6.37. 

Gao N, Zhang F, Zhang S, Liu J. Novel cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone)s with pendant sulfonated aliphatic side chains for proton exchange membranes. J Membr Sci 2011 372(l-2) 49-56. 

Jang H, Islam MM, Lim Y, Lee S, Hossain MA, Hong T, et al. Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated cardo based poly(arylene ether sulfone) multiblock copolymers for proton exchange membrane. Solid State Ionics 2013. 

For PV application, fluorinated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s containing bulky cardo moiety and -CF3 groups have shown improvement in flux and separation factor owing to the increase in FFV and micro-phase-separated morphology allowing penetration of solvents into the membranes. However, fluorinated PAEs with various architectures need to be further explored for PV application. 

N. Gao, S. Zhang, Phenolphthalein-based cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone) preparation and application to separation membranes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 128 (1) (2013) 1-12. 

Q. Zhang, E. Gong, S. Zhang, S. Li, Novel side-chain-type cardo poly(aryl ether sulfone) bearing pendant sulfoalkyl groups for proton exchange membranes, J. Memb. Sci. 367 (1-2) (2011) 166-173. 

Poly(ether suHbne) Cardo PES-C Fig. 20 Commercially available poly(ether sulfone)s... 

In comparison with the membranes with common aromatic skeletons such as poly-sulfane (PS), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(phthalazinon ether sulfone ketone), poly(etherimide), poly(benzimidazole), poly(phenylene oxide), polysiloxane, poly(oxyethylene) methacrylate, poly(arylene ether sulfone), and polyethersulfone Cardo, which are generally at high price and of complicated synthesis processes, the most important advantages of the aliphatic polymer materials as PEM membranes are their low cost, easy preparation, and simple structure. These aliphatic PEMs are particularly environmentally friendly (e.g., if the quatemization process is proceeded when these aromatic membranes are used for alkaline PEM fuel cells, the synthesis route uses chloromethyl ether for chloromethylation, which is very toxic and carcinogenic). However, the stability of the aliphatic PEMs is not very good. This is probably the biggest challenge when they are used in electrochemical devices. 

They also published their works on novel cardo poly(aryl ether sulfone)-based AEMs containing pendant quaternary ammonium groups on aliphatic side chains by direct polymerization using functionalized monomer (Figure 11.14b). TEM observation revealed that the obtained membranes exhibited a distinct phase-separated morphology comprised interconnect ionic clusters in the size of 1-2 nm. The resulting membranes with lEC of 1.44 mmol/g displayed ionic conductivities varied from 30 to 41 mS/cm at 20°C-60°C. 

Rao, A. H. N. Kim, H.-J. Nam, S. Kim, T.-H., Cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone) block copolymers with pendant imidazolium side chains as novel anion exchange membranes for direct methanol alkaline fuel cell. Polymer 2013, 54(26), 6918-6928. 

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