Sulfate and Related Compounds

Although the metabolism of tetrathionate has not been established in detail, it presumably takes place via thiosulfate, sulhte, and sulhde. Tetrathionate, which is a component of some media for enrichment of salmonellas, is able to support the anaerobic growth of Salmonella sp. using glycerol or acetate, and S. enterica with ethanolamine or propan-l,2-diol when vitamin Bj2 is available (Price-Carter et al. 2001). 

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TABLE 7. S—O bond dissociation energies in sulfoxides, sulfones, sulfates and related compounds ... 

Hoffmann, G.R. Genetic effects of dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, and related compounds. Mutat. Res. 75 63-129, 1980. 

Diisopropyl fluorophosphate Dimethyl sulfate and related compounds Doxorubicin and daunorubicin Drugs containing hydrazine and triazene groups... 

Epton, S. R., Titrimetric analysis of sodium alkyl sulfates and related compounds, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1948,44,226-230. 

OxYANioNs Nitrate, Sulfate, Chlorate, Selenate, and Arsenate Nitrate and Related Compounds... 

G. J. Mulder, Sulfation of Drugs and Related Compounds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1982. 

The copper compounds include Bordeaux mixture and the so-called fixed coppers including the copper oxides, copper oxychloride, copper oxychloride sulfate, and related materials. Bordeaux mixture, since its discovery about 70 years ago, has been the classic fungicide for the control of late blight and still is more widely used than any other single material. Certain of its qualities, particularly adhesiveness, remain unequaled by its commercial competitors, and it is cheap and effective. However, the inconvenience of preparing Bordeaux mixture, and the unreliable quality of hydrated lime available in most places, have tempted many growers to switch to other copper compounds or organics. 

G. M. Powell, A. H. Olavesen, The fate of Sulfate Esters in vivo , in Sulfation of Drugs and Related Compounds , Ed. G. J. Mulder, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 1981, p. 187-212. 

Thermal synthesis of 2-substituted phenanthroxazoles and related compounds by cyclization of O-methyl o-quinone oximes with compounds ArCH2Y (Ar = aryl, hetaryl Y = H, OH, Cl, Br, OAc, SH, COR, NH2) or with amines (PhCHiNMej, PhNHMe, PhNMe2) has been described. Cyclization of a-oxooximes in the system alkyl halide or sulfate/DMF/K2C03 also leads to oxazole derivatives . 

Komatsu N, Uda M, Suzuki H (1995) Bismuth(III) halides and sulfate as highly efficient catalyst for the sulfenylation of carbonyl and related compounds. Synlett 984-986... 

There has been considerable interest in diquaternary salts of 2,2 -bipyr-idine. Simple 1,1-dialkyl-2,2 -bipyridinium salts are obtained by reaction of 2,2 -bipyridine with excess of an alkyl halide or dialkyl sulfate and related processes, - " and dialkyl diquaternary salts of substituted 2,2 -bipyridines are obtained likewise. " Bridged diquaternary salts are formed by reaction of 2,2 -bipyridines with 1,2-dibromoethane. Thus the parent compound alfords 6,7-dihydrodipyrido-[l,2-a 2, T-c]pyrazinediium... 

Treatment of diethyl malonate and related compounds with 1,2-dihaloethane in the presence of base constitutes a classical method of cyclopropane synthesis296"300. The reaction can be conveniently carried out under PTC conditions. An improved method utilizing solid-liquid phase transfer catalysis has been reported298. The reaction of dimethyl or diethyl malonate with 1,2-dibromoalkanes except for 1,2-dibromethane tends to give only low yields of 2-alkylcyclopropane-l, 1-dicarboxylic esters. By the use of di-tm-butyl malonate, their preparations in satisfactory yields are realized (equation 134)297. The 2-alkylcyclopropane derivatives are also obtained from the reaction of dimethyl malonate and cyclic sulfates derived from alkane-1,2-diols (equation 135)301. Asymmetric synthesis... 

Arene(tricarbonyl)chromium complexes, 19 Nickel boride, 197 to trans-alkenes Chromium(II) sulfate, 84 of anhydrides to lactones Tetrachlorotris[bis(l,4-diphenyl-phosphine)butane]diruthenium, 288 of aromatic rings Palladium catalysts, 230 Raney nickel, 265 Sodium borohydride-1,3-Dicyano-benzene, 279 of aryl halides to arenes Palladium on carbon, 230 of benzyl ethers to alcohols Palladium catalysts, 230 of carboxylic acids to aldehydes Vilsmeier reagent, 341 of epoxides to alcohols Samarium(II) iodide, 270 Sodium hydride-Sodium /-amyloxide-Nickel(II) chloride, 281 Sodium hydride-Sodium /-amyloxide-Zinc chloride, 281 of esters to alcohols Sodium borohydride, 278 of imines and related compounds Arene(tricarbonyl)chromium complexes, 19... 

Oxidation of sulfide and elemental sulfur (S) and related compounds to sulfate (SO4-). 

Research has continued on the speciation of aluminium in water and in soil related particularly to the effects of acid precipitation. Species of particular concern are Alm, Al(OH)2+ and Al(OH)4. These species are the most toxic with regard to fish and plants. The presence of fluoride, sulfate and organic compounds that can form complexes with aluminium result in a lower degree of toxicity. Consequently, the objectives of a number of investigations have been the relationship of... 

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