Suggestions for Further Reading

Even though it has now been in print for over 50 years, the essential single book for every physical chemist who desires to understand macromolecules is Flory s Principles cf Polymer Chemistry There is a good introduction and considerable historical material in that volume. 

An excellent current history of polymer science is Polynrers the Origins and Growth of a ScienceP Many of the historical details and personal insights presented in this chapter were gleaned from that book. 

Barnes, G.T. and Gentle, I.R. Interfacial Science An Introduction. Oxford University Press, London, U.K., 2005. 

Cosgrove, T. (ed.). Colloid Science Principles, Methods and Applications, 2nd edn. Wiley, West Sussex, U.K., 2010. 

and Wennerstrom, H. The Colloidal Domain. VCH Publishers, New York, 1994. Hiemenz, PC. and Rajagopalan, R. Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, 3rd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997. 

Hunter, R.J. Foundations of Colloid Science, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York, 2001. 

Israelachvili, J.N. Intermolecular and Surface Forces, 3rd edn. Academic Press, London, 2010. Koper, G.J.M. An Introduction to Interfacial Engineering. VSSD, Leeghwaterstraat, the Netherlands, 2007. 

(1987) Cooling spheres and accumulating lead the history of attempts to date the Earth s formation. The Science Teacher, 54, 29-34. A summary by a leading science historian. 

Gallino, R. and Wasserburg, G. J. (1999) Nucleosynthesis in asymptotic giant branch stars relevance for galactic enrichment and solar system formation. Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 37, 239-309. A good review of nucleosynthesis in low- and intermediate-mass stars. 

Hawking, S. W. (1988) A Brief History of Time. New York, NY Bantam Books, 198 pp. A readable but authoritative book about cosmology and the Big Bang written by one of the leading scientists in the field. 

Herwig, F. (2005) Evolution of asymptotic giant branch stars. Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 43, 435-479. An excellent discussion of the evolution of AGB stars. 

Weinberg, S. (1993) The First Three Minutes. New York, NY Basic Books, 191 pp. Nobel prize-winning physicist Weinberg discusses the very beginnings of the universe in this influential book. It is a bit more detailed and challenging than Hawking s book, but provides more detail about the Big Bang. 

There are many good texts on chemical engineering kinetics, and the reader may wish to browse through several of them to see how they introduce the subject. 

Levenspiel, O., Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 1998. 

and Winterbottom, M. B., Reactor Design for Chemical Engineers, Chapman Hall, London, 1998. 

Abrams, S. A. and Wong, W. W. Stable isotopes in human nutrition. Laboratory methods and research applications. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA, 2003. 

Emiliani, C. and Shackleton, N. J. The Brunhies epoch Isotopic paleotemperatures and geochronology. Science 183, 511-514 (1974). 

Galimov, E.M. The Biological Fractionation of Isotopes, Academic, New York, 1985. 

Griffiths, H., Ed. Stable Isotopes Integration of Biological, Ecological and Geochemical Processes, Bios Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1998. 

Ashurst and N. Ashurst, Practical building conservation English Heritage technical handbook, vol 1, Stone masonry, Gower, Aldershot, 1988. 

Baer and R. Snethlage (eds), Saving our cultural heritage The conservation of historic stone structures, Dahlem Workshop Report. Wiley, Chichester, 1997. 

Cameron, D. Urquhart, R. Wakefield and M. Young, Biological growths on sandstone buildings control and treatment. Technical Advice Note 10, Historic Scotland, Edinburgh, 1997. 

Crumbling heritage Studies of stone weathering in polluted atmospheres, National Power, Swindon, 1995. 

Guillette, Bioreceptivity a new concept for building ecology studies, The Science of the Total Environment 1995,167, 215-220. 

Scanning transmission electron microscopes are capable of producing subnanometer probes with useful beam currents of about 1 nA. With a sufficiently 

Vincent, A., Molecular Symmetry and Group Theory A Programmed Introduction to Chemical Applications, 2nd ed., Wiley, Chichester, UK, 2001. 

Bishop, D. M., Group Theory and Chemistry, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 1993. 

Principles and Applications of Stereochemistry, Stanley Thornes Ltd., 

Heilbronner, E. and J. D. Dunitz, Reflections on Symmetry, VCH Publishing, Basel, 1993. 

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Bioinformatics is a relatively new discipline that is concerned with the collection, organisatic and analysis of biological data. It is beyond our scope to provide a comprehensive overvie of this discipline a few textbooks and reviews that serve this purpose are now available (s the suggestions for further reading). However, we will discuss some of the main rnethoc that are particularly useful when trying to predict the three-dimensional structure and fum tion of a protein. To help with this. Appendix 10.1 contains a limited selection of some of tf common abbreviations and acronyms used in bioinformatics and Appendix 10.2 lists sorr of the most widely used databases and other resources. 

Most suggestions for further reading are given in full in the Bibliography at the end of this book. However, in view of the specialised nature of the topics discussed in this chapter it is worth citing a list of further reading which concentrates on mechanical properties of polymers. They are ... 

The Internet has become the best source for thermodynamic data. Run a search on something like chemical thermodynamic data on any serious search engine, and you will hnd multiple sources, most of which allow free downloads. The data in the standard handbooks, e.g. Perry s Handbook (see Suggestions for Further Reading section of Chapter 5), are still correct but rather capricious in scope and likely to be expressed in archaic units like those sprinkled here and there in this book. 

Examples of Hougen-Watson kinetic models, which are also called Langmuir-Hinshelwood models, can be derived for a great variety of assumed surface mechanisms. See Butt and Perry s Handbook (see Suggestions for Further reading in Chapter 5) for collections of the many possible models. The models usually have numerators that are the same as would be expected for a homogeneous reaction. The denominators reveal the heterogeneous nature of the reactions. They come in almost endless varieties, but all reflect competition for the catalytic sites by the adsorbable species. 

Values for the various parameters in these equations can be estimated from published correlations. See Suggestions for Further Reading. It turns out, however, that bubbling fluidized beds do not perform particularly well as chemical reactors. At or near incipient fluidization, the reactor approximates piston flow. The small catalyst particles give effectiveness factors near 1, and the pressure drop—equal to the weight of the catalyst—is moderate. However, the catalyst particles are essentially quiescent so that heat transfer to the vessel walls is poor. At higher flow rates, the bubbles promote mixing in the emulsion phase and enhance heat transfer, but at the cost of increased axial dispersion. 

The use of inert tracer experiments to measure residence time distributions can be extended to systems with multiple inlets and outlets, multiple phases within the reactor, and species-dependent residence times. This discussion ignores these complications, but see Suggestions for Further Reading. ... 

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