Sugar nomenclature

If the glycosidic oxygen link is replaced by -0-NH-, normal amino sugar nomenclature can be employed. 

The most widely used terms in this class of compounds are based on sugar nomenclature, which reflects their properties as polyhydric alcohols. The numbering of the ring system in this case retains that of the parent sugar. 

Substrate Linkage of sialic acid to terminal sugar Nomenclature References... 

II. Sugar Nomenclature and Abbreviations Used in this Review. 197... 

Joost H-G, Thorens B (2001) The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators - nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members. Mol MembrBiol 18 247-256... 

Many compounds were given informal, common names before their compositions were known. Common names include water, salt, sugar, ammonia, and quartz. A systematic name, on the other hand, reveals which dements are present and, in some cases, the arrangement of atoms. The systemic naming of compounds, which is called chemical nomenclature, follows the simple rules described in this section. 

There are millions of organic compounds many consist of highly intricate molecules, so their names can be very complicated. You could, for example, find yourself asking for ct-D-glucopyranosyl(l—>2)-(3-D-fructofuranose when all you wanted was sucrose (sugar). However, for most of this text, we will need to know only a few simple organic compounds, and this section will introduce some of them. Chapters 18 and 19 present a more complete introduction to the nomenclature of organic compounds. 

Note 2. To maintain integrity of carbohydrate names, it is sometimes helpful to overstep the strict order of principal group preference specified in general organic nomenclature [13,14]. For example, a carboxymethyl-substituted sugar can be named as such, rather than as an acetic acid derivative (see 2-Carb-31.2). 

Joost, H. G., et al. Nomenclature of the GLUT/SLC2A family of sugar/ polyol transport facilitators. Am. J. Physiol. 2002, 282, E974-E976. 

The nomenclature adopted in the designation of the analogs of L-ascorbic acid is based for convenience upon the name of the sugar from which the osone was prepared. For example, D-xylose (XVIII)... 

The carbohydrate nomenclature jointly established by the American and British Committees4 does not specifically refer to the branched-chain sugars nevertheless, the application and extension of its Rules can provide definitive names to augment or to replace the trivial or unsystematic terms which have been conferred on naturally occurring, branched-chain sugars and related synthetic products, including the branched-chain saccharinic acids.6 9... 

A systematic nomenclature, besides correlating the above products, can remove the difficulties which have, in certain cases, been encountered on employing the trivial name of a branched-chain sugar in naming its derivatives. 7 9... 

Nitrogenous base plus sugar moiety are called nucleosides. Ribonucleic acids (RNA) resemble DNA in that nucleoside monophosphates are joined through phosphodiester bonds. RNAs differ in that the sugars are p-D-ribose units and the pyrimidine uracil is found in place of thymine. Molecular structures and nomenclature for nitrogenous bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides are delineated in Table 2.2. 

International Commission for the Reform of Chemical Nomenclature, 17 396 International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA), 23 470-471, 472. See also ICUMSA tables... 

In the early nomenclature this sugar was termed L-xylose. 

The use of d- and L-prefixes is a nomenclature for orientation of atomic structure of sugar and amino acid molecules. It is a structural definition and is not related to the optical properties. 

The carbonyl group in glucose and ribose is an aldehyde such compounds are termed aldoses. Fructose, by contrast, has a ketone group and is therefore classified as a ketose. Glucose could also be termed an aldohexose and fructose a ketohexose, whereas ribose would be an aldopentose, names which indicate both the number of carbons and the nature of the carbonyl group. Another aspeet of nomenclature is the use of the suffix -ulose to indicate a ketose. Fructose could thus be referred to as a hexulose, though we are more likely to see this suffix in the names of specific sugars, e.g. ribulose is a ketose isomer of the aldose ribose. 

---