Nomenclature of sugars

Cyclic polyalcohols (or cyclitols , according to the nomenclature of sugar alcohols) also exhibit a very low affinity. The most important representative of this class of compounds is inositol,... 

In fact, the conformation of pyranoses is dominated by two effects, not present in the cyclohexane, which appear at positions 2 and 6 of the oxane. One of them is characteristic of hexopyranoses and I propose that we call this the coplanar effect in order not to imply a particularly restrictive structure by using the name of an effect already present in methoxyethane. The other effect, present in all pyranoses, is referred to as anomeric. This name, taken from the nomenclature of sugars because it was first recognized in this family, in fact disguises its general nature since it is also present in methyl chloromethyl ether. The consequences of these effects can be modulated by cyclohexane-type interactions, but not to the point where more than a qualitative discussion is necessary. 

Between 1884 and 1902 Emil Fischer determined the structures of all monosaccharides from trioses through nonoses and those of the most important disaccharides, among them sucrose, maltose, isomaltose, and lactose. Fischer also explained the structural basis of their optical activity, and he established the modern nomenclature of sugars, for example, by substituting glucose and fructose for dextrose and levulose ... 

Joost H-G, Thorens B (2001) The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators - nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members. Mol MembrBiol 18 247-256... 

There are millions of organic compounds many consist of highly intricate molecules, so their names can be very complicated. You could, for example, find yourself asking for ct-D-glucopyranosyl(l—>2)-(3-D-fructofuranose when all you wanted was sucrose (sugar). However, for most of this text, we will need to know only a few simple organic compounds, and this section will introduce some of them. Chapters 18 and 19 present a more complete introduction to the nomenclature of organic compounds. 

Joost, H. G., et al. Nomenclature of the GLUT/SLC2A family of sugar/ polyol transport facilitators. Am. J. Physiol. 2002, 282, E974-E976. 

International Commission for the Reform of Chemical Nomenclature, 17 396 International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA), 23 470-471, 472. See also ICUMSA tables... 

The use of d- and L-prefixes is a nomenclature for orientation of atomic structure of sugar and amino acid molecules. It is a structural definition and is not related to the optical properties. 

The cyclic hemiacetal and hemiketal forms of monosaccharides are capable of reacting with an alcohol to form acetals and ketals (see Section 7.2). The acetal or ketal product is termed a glycoside, and the non-carbohydrate portion is referred to as an aglycone. In the nomenclature of glycosides we replace the suffix -ose in the sugar with -oside. Simple glycosides may be synthesized by treating an alcoholic solution of the monosaccharide with an acidic catalyst, but the reaction mixture usually then contains a mixture of products. This is an accepted problem with many carbohydrate reactions it is often difficult to carry out selective transformations because of their multifunctional nature. 

Names of reducing sugars end tn -use names of nonredudng sugars end in -aside. This detailed nomenclature of carbohydrates is unlikely to be tested directly on the MCAT. but it doesn t hurt to know It... 

In an optical study of sugar products in solution, it is essential to differentiate between the color, the spectrophotometric data, and the evaluation of the colorant. The term color should be reserved solely as an expression of visual appearance. In addition, a uniform nomenclature for spectrophotometric data should be adopted by the sugar industry. 

The nomenclature of the glucosamine and chondrosamine derivatives referred to in this article is essentially that used in the literature. A few minor changes have been made in order to effect a greater uniformity and precision in the classification. No attempt has been made to introduce any new nomenclature of the 2-amino sugar derivatives. It is now accepted that they are more correctly designated as the 2-amino-2-deoxy-sugars. 

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