Sugar polyol

Tonicity agent/stabilizer Provides isotonicity to the formulation such that it is suitable for injection Examples include polyols, salts, and amino acids Help maintain the protein in a more compact state (polyols) Minimize electrostatic, solution protein-protein interactions (salts) Stabilizers include cryo and lyoprotectants Examples include polyols, sugars, and polymers Cryoprotectants protect proteins from freezing stresses Lyoprotectants stabilize proteins in the freeze-dried state... 

Telomerization of Sugar-Derived Polyols Sugar Alcohols and Dianhydrohexitols... 

Cryo- and Lyoprotectants and Bulking Agents Various mechanisms are proposed to explain why excipients serve as cryo- or lyoprotectants. The most widely accepted mechanism to explain the action of cryoprotection is the preferential exclusion mechanism [177]. Excipients that will stabilize proteins against the effects of freezing do so by not associating with the surface of the protein. Such excipients actually increase the surface tension of water and induce preferential hydration of the protein. Examples of solutes that serve as cryoprotectants by this mechanism include amino acids, polyols, sugars, and polyethylene glycol. 

When the formulated solution predominantly contains polyols, sugars, or polymers, the interstitial phase does not usually crystallize out upon cooling but increases progressively in viscosity as a glass-like system. In the case where the interstitial phase has effectively the structure of a glass, the frozen system becomes fully rigid once the glass transition temperature (Fg) is reached. In contrast, some amorphous systems may show no such definite transition, but they eventually become very stiff at low temperature, as shown by electrical resistance studies. 

To achieve sugar-free preparations, polyols (sugar alcohol) are replacing sucrose as bulk sugar substitutes. They are not fermented by oral bacteria, hence noncariogenic. However, they are slowly hydrolyzed by the enzymes of the small intestine into their constituent monomers, which are only slowly and incompletely absorbed compared with... 

In the early 1960s, scientists at the National Eye Institute (NEI) showed that cataracts (an obstruction of the lens of the eye) in animals with diabetes were due to the formation and accumulation of polyols (sugar alcohols). They discovered that an enzyme, aldose reductase, converts blood sugars (which are found in high levels in diabetics) into polyols. The sugar alcohols accumulate in cells, weaken the cell membrane, and eventually leak out of the cell, causing the cataracts. The discovery of aldose... 

A protein goes through heat denaturation when the temperature is raised. The melting temperature (i.e., the temperature at which half of the proteins in solution are unfolded) increases when protein stabilizers—such as polyols, sugars, and amino-acid derivatives—are present (Timasheff 2002b). Protein stabilizers are used in cells and in laboratories to protect proteins from heat denaturation. T, on the other hand, is reduced when denaturants—such as urea and guanidine hydrochloride—are present in the solution (Timasheff 2002b). Cosolvents can thus enhance or prevent thermal denaturation. 

Alcohols, polyols, sugars Lead(IV) acetate-dichlorofluorescein Cleavage of vicinal diols... 

Ethers and esters of polyols, sugar alcohols and carbohydrates. 

Fig. 9 Versatility of the Pd-catalyzed telomerisation reaction to access short-chain ethers of polyols, sugar alcohols and carbohydrates.

A regioselective direct dehydration polycondensation between a polyol sugar component, sorbitol, and an adipic acid was carried out with a CALB catalyst at 90 °C for 48 h. The product, polysorbityl adipate, was water-soluble the Mn and MW values were 10,880 and 17,030 Da, respectively. Sorbitol was esterified at the primary alcohol group of 1-and 6-positions with high regioselectivity (85 5%). To obtain a water-insoluble sorbitol polyester, sorbitol, adipic acid and 1,8-octanediol (molar ratio 15 50 35) were terpolymerised at 90 °C for 42 h. The methanol-insoluble portion (80%) had an MW of 1.17 x 10 [30]. 

Non-ionic surfactants, where the hydrophilic part is a non-ionic component, for instance polyols, sugar derivatives or chains of ethylene oxide. 

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