Manual shake

Attention is directed to the great advantage of continuous extraction over manual shaking in a separatory funnel for liquids or for solutions which tend to froth or which lead to emulsification comparatively little difficulty is experienced in the continuous extraction process. 

In other cases, modifications were conducted to modify the standard manual shaking procedure. Hoffman et al. [225] modified the method substituting manual shaking by a special stirring vessel. 

Some of the compUcations Usted above could be flagged and, sometimes, remedied in a manual shake-flask experiment, but that is unlikely to be the case in automated shake-vial procedures, especially if performed in a 96-well plate setting. Nevertheless, the demands of modern pharmaceutical discovery operations emphasize high-throughput measurements, low compound consumphon... 

With this new morphology, the polymer releases polar additives more easily into the solvent mixture. Polar solvents, such as methanol (25 mL), added to the vessel containing the micronised mixture, easily solubilise polar organic additives that are suspended in the previous solvent mixture. Thus a good recovery can easily be obtained by short manual shaking (leaching) for 10-15 min. Solubilisation or the recovery of polar organic additives can also be achieved after a chemical... 

During dropwise addition of the bromide to the liquid alcohol, the mechanical stirrer stopped, presumably allowing a layer of the dense tribromide to accumulate below the alcohol. Later manual shaking caused an explosion, probably owing to the sudden release of gaseous hydrogen bromide on mixing. 

The use of a US probe [11,12] orthe sequential use of a US bath and a probe to assist slurry formation [11] is much less frequent. Treated slurries can be transferred to an autosampler or atomizer in various ways ranging from manual pipetting of aliquots to automated dynamic procedures. Once an aliquot has been transferred to an autosampler cup, it can be homogenized by manual shaking, vortexing, with a microprobe, an inert gas stream, etc. 

The rate of de-aeration can sometimes also be measured in this way, by noting the volume change of the solids with time this is only possible with solids of extended de-aeration times and the measurement is rather crude even then. It is a quick estimate method, however, and its accuracy may be improved by making a video recording of the settling of the solids. It seems, however, that if such more sophisticated recording of the measurement is to be made, it would warrant the use of a more reproducible experimental set-up than just manual shaking, i.e. the de-aeration test based on fluidization. 

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