Subtropical ecosystems

Wetzel, R.G. (1999) Organic phosphorus mineralization in soils and sediments. In Phosphorus Biogeochemistry of Subtropical Ecosystems (Reddy, K.R., O Connor, GA., and Schelske, C.L., eds.), pp. 225-245, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Currently, there exist many challenges to the development and implementation of effective access and benefit-sharing in Africa. First, the majority of the biologically rich flora and fauna desired for natural products discovery reside in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, quite a distance from the research sites of Europe, Japan and the USA. This resource/research imbalance raises a number of issues concerning the proprietary use of natural resources and knowledge systems associated with their commercialization 17). 

Reddy, K. R., J. R. White, A. Wright, and T. Chua. 1999. Influence of phosphorus loading on microbial processes in soil and water column of wetlands. Phosphorus in Elorida s Ecosystems Analysis of Current Issues. In K. R. Reddy, G. A. O Connor, and C. L. Schelske (eds.) Phosphorus Biogeochemistry in Subtropical Ecosystems Elorida as a Case Example. CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 249-273. 

South American biomes are among the most diverse of the world. Besides the well-known Amazonian biodiversity, other tropical and subtropical ecosystems contain very rich plant communities. One of these is the BrazUian Atlantic Forest, today reduced to a fraction of its original distribution, making it very important to engage in cataloguing, evaluating, and prospecting its species in a sustainable way [23]. 

Ayerza, R., Coates, W., 2004. Composition of chia (Salvia hispanica) grown in six tropical and subtropical ecosystems of South America. Trop. Sci. 44, 131-135. 

Karl, D. M., Letelier, R., Hebei, D. et al. (1995). Ecosystem changes in the North Pacific subtropical gyre attributed to the 1991-92 El Nino. Nature 373, 230-234. 

Boutton TW, Archer SR, Midwood AJ, Zitzer SF, Bol R (1998) 513C values of soil organic carbon and their use in documenting vegetation change in a subtropical savanna ecosystem. Geoderma 82 5-41... 

Deng BQ, Lu LC, Wang DQ (1990) The estimation of the microbial respiratory capacity and carbon balance of the soils in the forest ecosystem of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve. Tropical and Subtropical Forest Ecosystem 6 41-46 (in Chinese with English abstract)... 

On a global scale, arable lands occupy 12% of the terrestrial ecosystems, and pastures occupy 25%. On the whole, the agrolandscapes occupy 40% of the Earth s land. At present the most used areas are in the moderate climate zone (25%) and subtropical and tropical ones (18%). To the maximal extent, natural landscapes and their relevant biogeochemical cycles are transformed into agrogeochemical provinces with a predominance of agrogeochemical cycles of many elements in Europe (>30%) and Asia (>20%). 

The low-Se ecosystems occur mainly in and near the temperate forest and forest steppe landscapes as an axis in China, and the relatively high-Se content in the ecosystems usually appear in the typical humid tropical and subtropical landscapes and typical temperate desert and steppe landscapes. 

Karl, D.M. 1999. A Sea of Change Biogeochemical Variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Ecosystems 2 181-214. 

Tropical rain forest, grassland and savanna, scrub and deciduous forest The tropics and subtropics are comprised within 30° of latitude on both sides of the equator. Various ecosystems are represented the tropical rain forest (Jacobs 1981), grassland and savanna, scrub and deciduous forest, and arid land (AY 1979) (Fig. 6.1). 

Part III. Natural product diversity at ecosystem level 6.1.1 American tropical and subtropical land... 

Plasmodial slime molds (Myxomycetes) are eukaryotic bacteriovores usually occurring in terrestrial ecosystems. Although a few species appear to be confined to the tropics or subtropics, the majority are cosmopolitan and approximately 1000 species have been recognised. In the assimilative... 

Maie, N., Parish, K. J., Watanabe, A., Knicker, H., Benner, R., Abe,T., Kaiser, K., and Jaffe, R. (2006b). Chemical characteristics of dissolved organic nitrogen in an oligotrophic subtropical coastal ecosystem. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70,4491 4506. 

Kaldy, J.F., Onuf, C.P., Eldridge, P.M., and Cifuentes, L.A. (2002) Carbon budget for a subtropical dominated coastal lagoon how important are seagrasses to total ecosystem net primary production Estuaries 25, 528-539. 

The increasing world population exerts massive pressure on the often fragile ecosystems and land resources of the Tropics and Subtropics. This situation leads to resource overuse, such as excessive deforestation, overgrazing, overextraction of nutrients, and other types of agricultural mismanagement. These frequently manifest themselves in various forms of soil degradation, which are accelerated by the low ecosystem resiliency common in the Tropics and Subtropics. Responsible for this fragility are mainly the climatic conditions of past and present and the processes that dominated soil development. 

Finzi-Hart, J. A., Subramaniam, A., Bums, J., and Capone, D. G. (in review). Photophysiological paramters in natural populations of Trichodesmium spp. in the subtropical N. Atlantic and N. Pacific Implications for ocean ecosystem models. 

---