Substrate glass-ceramics

For solar cell applications, thin film LPE is economically viable only if it is combined with a low-cost multicrystalline Si substrate (high-throughput silicon ribbons, upgraded metallurgical grade silicon MG-Si) or with a foreign substrate (glass, ceramic, metallic sheet... see section 9-7). 

The properties of inorganic materials with dielectric constants less than 12 are described in this section under the headings of Ceramics, Glasses, Micas, Substrates, Glass-Ceramics, and Thick Films. Since micas and glasses are also used as dielectrics, the properties associated with capacitor applications are discussed in the section on Dielectrics. 

Poon, C. Y. andBhhushan, B., Surface Roughness Analysis of Glass-Ceramic Substrates and Finished Magnetic Disks, and Ni-P Coated Al-Mg and Glass Substrates," Wear, Vol. 190, 1995,pp. 89-109. 

Microabrasion using compressed air is a modification based on sandblasting, the micropowder blasting. This process enables all types of glass, ceramics and semiconductor materials, irrespective of their chemical composition and crystal structure, to be inexpensively processed down to the micrometer scale. The micropowder blasting is a masked procedure and works quasi-parallel on the whole substrate. A powder jet drives systematically over the substrate. Material is removed at the mask openings (see Figure 2.17). 

The transmission electron microscopy was used to study the initial stage of the formation of the films of zirconia-based solid electrolytes, which were prepared by ion plasma sputtering on a glass-ceramic substrate having a thin ( 10 nm) layer of amorphous carbon. 

Many of the attributes of solvent-borne epoxy coatings could be carried over to the waterborne epoxy coatings. These same attributes are useful in the application of waterborne epoxies as adhesive systems. They include good adhesion to a variety of substrates such as metals, wood, concrete, glass, ceramics, and many plastics chemical resistance low shrinkage toughness and flexibility and abrasion resistance. 

Often the OEM coatings depend on the nature and condition of the substrate to which paint is applied application methods and conditions drying time required and decorative and protective requirements. The substrate most commonly coated with industrial coatings are iron and steel, but also include other metals such as aluminum and its alloys, zinc-coated steel, brass, bronze, copper, and lead. Nonmetalhc substrates include timber and timber products, concrete, cement, glass, ceramics, fabric, paper, leather, and a wide range of different plastic materials. Consequently, industrial coatings are usually formulated for use on either a specific substrate or a group of substrates. 

Electroplating. Basically in electroplating, a substrate is coated with a metal or its alloy in a plating bath where the substrate is the cathode and the temperature is maintained constant Membranes from a few microns to a few millimeters thick can be deposited by carefully controlling the plating time, temperature, current density and the bath composition. Dense membranes made of palladium and its various alloys such as Pd-Cu have been prepared. Porous palladium-based membranes have also been made by deposition on porous support materials such as glass, ceramics, etc. 

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