Substance dependence requirements

A formal diagnosis of substance dependence requires a maladaptive pattern of abuse that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress. More detailed criteria revolve around the development of tolerance, the experience of withdrawal when abstinence is required, the inability to stop using the drug, and continued use over a protracted period of time. The question is whether or not these criteria, clearly applicable to cocaine, heroin, and other drugs, are met by caffeine. 

Air quality requirements may be set as content of particles and as content of chemical substances. Other requirements for temperature, humidity, and air speed could be set. One example is the spray painting process, which is very dependent on a minimum relative humidity (RH) level to... 

The heat of formation of a substance depends on its phase, because heat is required to melt or boil a substance. A for... 

The substance data required by the models (e.g., physicochemical parameters and toxicological data) have been normally extracted from different databases depending on the substance. In the present case, the information for both substances, lead and PBDE, were taken from the full Riskcycle Database is included in the CD not only the informations for the Pb and deBDE. 

In principle, the behaviour of any molecular species in forming donor-acceptor complexes depends on its ionization potential, electron affinity and polarizability. However, the donor (or acceptor) ability of a substance depends strongly on the requirements and properties of its partners. The same compound may act as a donor towards strong acceptor compounds or as an acceptor towards donor compounds. This is the case of the TT-amphoteric p-tricyanovinyl-AA/V-dimcthylaniline (41) which is a donor towards 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone and an acceptor towards /V,/V-dirnclhy Ian Mine138. 

The heat required to heat a substance depends on just how that heating is conducted. The most common ways of heating are at constant volume or at constant pressure. In applying the first law to the process of heating a system at... 

In general, in industrial processes, the necessity of a separation operation occurs after the mixing/reaction operations. Therefore, the separation operation is an indispensable process for chemical engineering. The purpose of the separation process is different from that of the mixing process, and the purpose of separation is only to separate substances depending on the requirements. However, identical to the mixing phenomenon, the separation phenomenon is definitely a function of space and time. The separation equipment is classified into two groups ... 

Information on the physicochemical properties of the substance. The testing information required on the substance depends on the volumes manufactured or imported. All substances will require a base set of testing information and as the tonnage bands increase the amount of information increases. All substances will need physicochemical testing and the amount of information will change as the tonnages increase ... 

Zcoii/y is the sum of two Gaussians, the first centered at y = 0 to ensure the correct behavior in the limit of zero density, and the second centered at the rectilinear diameter yT to provide the correct value of residual Helmholtz energy at high density. The temperature dependence of yu is given universal [2], The parameters b and c, which determine the second and third virial coefficients, are given universally for non-polar substances [3]. The pre-exponential factor w has a dominating influence on the vapor pressure. Its temperature dependence requires two substance-specific correction parameters wi and w2. 

The toxicological interactions among chemical substances depend on the chemicals present, their mode of action, and their concentrations. Of the four types of interactions, additive effects are the most plausible. This requires that the chemicals act through similar mechanisms and affect the same target tissue. For instance, the (combined) action of two or more chemicals causing irritation effects is often an added effect rather than attributable to any one candidate chemical substance. 

Equation 8.2 shows how the net flux density of substance depends on its diffusion coefficient, Dj, and on the difference in its concentration, Ac] 1, across a distance Sbl of the air. The net flux density Jj is toward regions of lower Cj, which requires the negative sign associated with the concentration gradient and otherwise is incorporated into the definition of Acyin Equation 8.2. We will specifically consider the diffusion of water vapor and C02 toward lower concentrations in this chapter. Also, we will assume that the same boundary layer thickness (Sbl) derived for heat transfer (Eqs. 7.10-7.16) applies for mass transfer, an example of the similarity principle. Outside Sbl is a region of air turbulence, where we will assume that the concentrations of gases are the same as in the bulk atmosphere (an assumption that we will remove in Chapter 9, Section 9.IB). Equation 8.2 indicates that Jj equals Acbl multiplied by a conductance, gbl, or divided by a resistance, rbl. 

In addition to ignition problems, control of slagging and fouling, which depends on the properties of the mineral ash substance, is required. 

When the comparative assessment of cumulation of various substances is required, values of their obtained from 0.05 LD,o and 0.1 LDjg administrations are compared. Depending on value, 4 degrees of cumulation can be specified. This criterion was used for the hygienic classification of pesticides. 

The APA defines substance dependence (addiction) as a cluster of symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems. Evidence of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms are included in the list of symptoms, but neither tolerance nor withdrawal is necessary or sufficient for a diagnosis of substance dependence. Dependence (addiction) requires three or more of the symptoms, whereas abuse can be diagnosed when only one or two symj)-toms are present. The chronic, relapsing nature of dependence (addiction) fulfills criteria for a chronic disease, but because of the voluntary component at initiation, the disease concept is controversial. 

The energy (heat) required to change the temperature of a substance depends on ... 

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