Submersible instruments

Mass spectrometers have been used at some level in all of these types of investigations because of their unsurpassed sensitivity and specificity, their multicomponent analytical capability and, in some cases, their ability to provide precise and accurate isotope ratios. Traditional methods of analysis typically involve the collection of water and sediment samples, or biological specimens, during field expeditions and cmises on research vessels (R/Vs), and subsequent delivery of samples to a shore-based laboratory for mass spectrometric analyses. The recent development of field-portable mass spectrometers, however, has greatly facilitated prompt shipboard analyses. Further adaptation of portable mass spectrometer technology has also led to construction of submersible instruments that can be deployed at depth for in situ measurements. 

A further level of sophistication is illustrated by a submersible UV/vis spectrometer, currently being developed for batch process analysis but potentially also applicable to continuous processes. This instrument also overcomes the sensor-fouling problem by using an auto cleaning system based on pressurised air [76]. 

The CS system is made up of three major components a seafloor sediment sampler, shipboard sample processor, and nondestructive elemental analysis instrumentation. It was described in detail previously (8). Design requirements for the seafloor sediment sampler are that it be in constant contact with the seafloor while being towed at speeds up to 6 knots, agitate only the upper surficial seafloor sediment and create a plume, contain a pumping means to sample the sediment slurry plume, and be capable of transporting the sediment slurry to a surface ship. These conditions were achieved by designing a towable sled that contained, within its structure, a submersible pump that was hose-connected to the surface ship. 

Since 1979, we have measured marine bioluminescence in diverse ocean waters ranging from tropical waters off St. Croix, V.I. to 73° N latitude to observations made under the pack ice of the Beaufort Sea, and finally from the submersibles Alvin and Johnson Sea Link to depths of 3650 m. This chapter describes the instrumentation developed for this purpose and presents examples of our measurements to date. 

Richards, A.F. 1972. Instrumentation of two submersibles for in-situ geotechnical measurements in cohesive sea floor soils. Preprints 2nd International Ocean Development Conference, 2 1329-1346. 

Specialized applications of batteries cover military and space technology and some scientific instruments. Examples of such battery-powered devices are satellites, space probes, rockets, bathyscaphes and other submersible craft, electrically driven torpe-dos, meteorological balloons, and so forth. Specialized batteries may be divided into two subdivisions power sources for short-term loads (typically for a single discharge) and those for long-term low-drain discharge. 

Figure 2.25 A typical RO skid showing a 4 2 two-stage membrane array, high-pressure pump, instruments and control panels. The high-pressure RO pump is a horizontal, multi-staged submersible type. Each pressure vessel contains six spiral-wound modules, 20 cm dia. x 100 cm long. Source USFilter.

It is also true that the study of possible accidents, even if limited, leads to the provision of abundant water for core submersion and for the shutdown of the chain reaction. The area of possible improvement concerns the systems which diagnose the conditions of possible danger to the eore itself. For this reason the group reeommended, in the first place, the installation, as far as teehnologjcally feasible on eaeh reactor, of instrumentation capable of directly and reliably measuring the water level, and the temperature and power local distribution, in the core. 

Four different test methods are outlined to simulate the most common ways that materials are exposed to water drip, spray, submersion and a rub method. Actually, the method of water application may greatly affect the outcome of the test. While one or more of the test methods may be performed, to best qualify a product aU four test methods described in the standard should be used. The drip and spray test are evaluated visually, while the submersion and rub tests can be evaluated visually and instrumentally. 

The first submersible sensor of DOM fluorescence was the Yellow Matter Meter developed by Sea Tech (Corvallis, OR). The instrument employed right angle detection and interference filters centered on ex/em = 330/450 nm with bandwidths of 80 and 65 nm. 

In addition to the transition of flnorescence techniques from the laboratory to submersible held measurements, there have also been great advances in the development of non-submersible, portable, handheld flnorometers. Most of this technology has been geared toward wastewater characterization dnring treatment processes, protein detection, and as a tool for water management issues. For these instruments, power requirements are less of... 

---