Submarine applications

Various types of optical fibers are used for specific applications. For example, multimode fibers are used primarily in enterprise systems buildings, offices, campuses. Special single-mode transmission fibers exist for submarine applications, and for metropolitan and long-haul terrestrial applications. And in addition to these transmission fibers, there are various specialty fibers for performing dispersion compensation (dispersion compensating fiber), optical amplification (erbium-doped fiber), and other special functions. 

From an experimental point of view, typically ayt/hydrostatic pressure is not negligible and must be taken into account for submarine applications (pipelines, submarines, syntactic foams, etc.). 

The principle of fuel cells has been known since 1838 thanks to William Grove. However, widespread deployment did not begin till the 1960s and 70s when fuel cells were used in space and for military (e.g., submarine) applications. Nowadays, fuel cells are being considered for low polluting co generation of heat and power in buildings and for transportation applications. 

Coupling of mechanic stress and electrical polarization results in piezoelectricity. KDP type materials are piezoelectrics at room temperature and ADP was formerly used in submarine applications to emit and receive ultrasonic waves. Berlinite, AIPO4, is structurally related to the common piezoelectric a -Si02 (see Section 5.1.2) and has superior properties in some respects. 

PB reacted with styrene, ethyl- or methylstyrene, t-butyl styrene, and/or vinyl silanes Low-density PO foams for marine or submarine applications Dawans and Binet 1981... 

A number of companies have been developing this battery including Gould and Electrofuel, and large sized batteries are expected to be demonstrated by 1990. In addition to Argonne, the British Admiralty laboratories has been developing this battery for submarine applications while other potential applications include electric vehicles and load levelling. 

Another application for diesel fuel processors is the propulsion of naval systems. Krummrich et al. [626] reported from a conceptual study of a 2.5-MW fuel processor/fuel cell system, which was dedicated to submarine applications for the German ship manufacturer HDW. The system consisted of a desulfurisation step, an adiabatic pre-reformer operated between 400 and 550 °C, steam reforming at 800 °C and catalytic carbon monoxide clean-up. The critical step turned out to be the desulfurisation of F76 diesel fuel, which in Europe contains as much as 0.2 wt.% sulfur, world-wide as much as 1 wt.%. These workers then set up and operated a 25-kW demonstration model of the fuel processor, which achieved an efficiency of 82%. 

A 121 C cure epoxy designed for use in structural laminates. It is especially effective when used in the construction of large, thick laminates for marine and submarine applications. Whilst designed for autoclave use it can be press and vacuum-bag moulded. 

Table 1.9 contains a further alloy, Astag, used to a small extent for stationary batteries in Scandinavia, where it was introduced by Tudor Sweden, originally for submarine application. A similar alloy, basically corresponding the Astag alloy, but using tin as a further additive, is applied under the name Astatin (45). 

Propellers for the marine environment appeared first in the eighteenth centui y. The French mathematician and founder of hydrodynamics, Daniel Bernoulli, proposed steam propulsion with screw propellers as early as 1752. However, the first application of the marine propeller was the hand-cranked screw on American inventor David Bushnell s submarine, Turtle in 1776. Also, many experimenters, such as steamboat inventor Robert Fulton, incorporated marine propellers into their designs. 

For pipelines to be placed under water, it is necessary to provide negative buoyancy. This is commonly achieved by placing lightly reinforced concrete up to 150 mm thick over the 3-5 mm hot enamal coating on the steel. Joints at the welded tube ends have to be coated with a minimum of delay due to the high production rate required on the laying barge, and tapes have therefore found application at this point. Where submarine pipelines are pulled ... 

Special applications are often governed by different priorities as already discussed in relation to golf carts, the low water loss and the delay in antimony poisoning in heavy-duty service of a forklift are of eminent importance, with the result that rubber separators remain the preferred product there. Submarine batteries offer a different... 

Some applications of the coupled fluid flow-reaction model were carried out to the ore-forming process (e.g., Lichtner and Biino, 1992). However, a few attempts to understand quantitatively the precipitations of minerals from flowing supersaturated fluids in the submarine hydrothermal systems have been done (Wells and Ghiorso, 1991). Wells and Ghiorso (1991) discussed the silica behavior in midoceanic ridge hydrothermal system below the seafloor using a coupled fluid flow-reaction model. 

The above-mentioned consideration indicates that important factors controlling the precipitations of barite and silica are surface area/water mass ratio (A/M), temperature, precipitation rate constant (k) and flow rate (u), and the coupled fluid flow-precipitation models are applicable to understanding the distributions of minerals in submarine hydrothermal ore deposits. 

Bangor Naval Submarine Base, on the Hood Canal in the State of Washington, provides fine recreational facilities for service people stationed there, as well as for civilian employees. A proposal to divert runoff from munitions-contaminated areas towards the recreational fishing pond, Cattail Lake, led to a decision to identify hazard levels for the compounds of interest. In addition to trout, there was concern over contamination of bivalves, such as oysters, cockles, and clams, at the pond s outlet to Hood Canal. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs), assumed applicable for both fish and bivalves, were developed for three compounds (Table III). BCFs, together with Uj. values and worst-case levels of fish or bivalve consumption (0.4 kg/day) provided PPLVs for the pond water, according to the equation... 

Gelatine explosives, initiated by commercial detonators, will normally fire at the low velocity of detonation initially, although this may well build up quite quickly into the high velocity. For some applications a high velocity of detonation is essential. This can be ensured by the addition of barium sulphate, or other material with density exceeding 2-8, in a fine form. Such additives have the property of ensuring rapid transition to the high velocity of detonation. This is, for example, of particular importance when the explosive is to be fired under a hydrostatic head, as in submarine work. 

Essentially all imaging from medical ultrasound to non-destructive testing relies upon the same pulse-echo type of approach but with considerably refined electronic hardware. The refinements enable the equipment not only to detect reflections of the sound wave from the hard, metallic surface of a submarine in water but also much more subtle changes in the media through which sound passes (e. g. those between different tissue structures in the body). It is high frequency ultrasound (in the range 2 to 10 MHz) which is used primarily in this type of application because by using these... 

Scientists study protein motors because they are biologically interesting but also because they offer insights into mini-motors. Molecular machinery such as nanorobots or nanobots—tiny robots—is a major goal of nanotechnology, and it would have tremendous applications in a lot of fields, especially in medicine. Some researchers are trying to adapt protein motors to perform additional jobs, while other researchers simply use these tiny motors for inspiration. Ever since the 1966 film Fantastic Voyage, in which scientists shrank a team of specialists and a submarine and injected them into the body of a patient, people have been fascinated with potential treatments that would be made possible by tiny machines. 

One of the most interesting applications of T-Stoff was as a source of power turbines driving submarines as proposed by Dr Helmuth Walter (See U-Boot, Walter in Ref 13, p Ger 211-R). Seven of such submarines (300 to 500 tons each) were accepted by the German Navy up to the end of WW11... 

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