Subject material cost issues

Two different and possibly complementary approaches have been explored. One utilizes a panel of quantifiable internal reference standards (QIRS), which are common proteins present widely in tissues in relatively consistent amounts.11,22 In this instance because the reference proteins are intrinsic to the tissue they are necessarily subjected to identical fixation and processing, and incur no additional handling or cost, other than synchronous performance of a second IHC assay (stain), such that the intensity of reaction for the QIRS and the test analyte can be compared by IA, allowing calculation of the amount of test analyte (protein) present on a formulaic standard curve basis. The other approach seeks to identify external reference materials and to introduce these into each step of tissue preparation for cases where IHC studies are anticipated in this instance the logistical issues of production, distribution, and inclusion of the reference standard into all phases of tissue processing also must be considered, along with attendant costs. 

To summarize, companies are proceeding with the implementation of clean technologies based on a number of quantifiable and semi-quantifiable costs. In the limited number of comprehensive analyses available, relatively few of the possible clean technology projects can be economically justified based only on the value of recovered materials. Source reduction options seem to be more economical than treatment and disposal based on the Amoco case study. To justify many source reduction projects, however, hidden costs must be exposed and subjective issues... 

The use of biomass, TDF, and other similar materials can have non-monetized benefits in terms of public image and public acceptance. Alternatively, local groups have vigorously opposed the use of some opportunity fuels. Opportunity fuels also can be opposed by fuel yard workers, if those workers feel that they are exposed to health issues. Manures, for example, have to be handled separately from coal. Economic considerations tend to be incredibly site-specific. Opportunity fuel availability and cost is subject to local conditions of supply and demand opportunity fuels frequently are bought and sold outside the normal conunercial channels of the energy market. Capital costs of... 

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