Ratio analysis

Ratios contain two parts a numerator and a denominator. This is no surprise to anyone, but what many fail to recognize is that a change in either component will affect the ratio. This is important for two reasons  

When analyzing a ratio, both parts need to be considered to 

When making decisions based on ratios, it is critical to understand the components that make up the ratio. 

Improvements to a company s finances or operations based on a ratio can be accomplished in three ways  

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Frequency analysis is an alternative to moment-ratio analysis in selecting a representative function. Probability paper (see Figure 1-59 for an example) is available for each distribution, and the function is presented as a cumulative probability function. If the data sample has the same distribution function as the function used to scale the paper, the data will plot as a straight line. 

Walter, W.D. Leslie, Jr., D.M. (2009). Stable isotope ratio analysi to differentiate temporal diets of a free-ranging herbivore. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 23, pp. 2190-2194. (http //dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4135)... 

Three-pulse ESEEM spectrum of perdeuterated P-carotene imbedded in Cu-MCM-41 exhibits an echo decay with an echo modulation due to deuterons. The three-pulse ESEEM is plotted as a function of time, and curves are drawn through the maximum and minima. From ratio analysis of these curves, a best nonlinear least-squares lit determines the number of interacting deuterons, the distance (3.3 0.2A), and the isotopic coupling (0.06 0.2MHz). This analysis made it possible to explain the observed reversible forward and backward electron transfer between the carotenoid and Cu2+ as the temperature was cycled (77-300 K). 

Lyng, H., Badiee, A., Svendsmd, D. H., Hovig, E., Myklebost, O., and Stokke, T. (2004). Profound influence of microarray scanner characteristics on gene expression ratios Analysis and procedure for correction. BMC Genomics 5, 10. 

Barrie, A., Bricout, J. and Koziet, J. (1984) Gas chromatography stable isotope ratio analysis at natural abundance levels. Biomedical Mass Spectrometry 11, 439 447. 

Bilke, S. and Mosandl, A. (2002) Measurements by gas chromatography/pyrolysis/mass spectrometry fundamental conditions in 2H/1H isotope ratio analysis. Rapid Communications in... 

Log-ratio analysis reveals that, although the harbour samples display elevated Zn content, the degree of enrichment is considerably lower than suggested by the... 

Hodick D, Gilroy S, Fricker MD, Trewavas AJ. Cytosolic concentrations and distributions Ca2+ in rhizoids of Chara fragilis determined by ratio analysis of the fluorescent probe Indo-1. Bot Acta 1991 104 222-228. 

Stanley, C.R. Madeisky, H.E. 1995. Pearce element ratio analysis in lithogeochemical exploration. 17th International Geochemical Exploration Symposium, Assodation of Exploration Geochemists, Annual Meeting, Short Course, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, May, 96 p. 

Oxygen isotope ratio analysis provides a powerful tool for the study of water/rock interaction. The geochemical effect of such an interaction between water and rock or mineral is a shift of the oxygen isotope ratios of the rock and/or the water away from their initial values, given that their compositions are not in equilibrium. 

Brand W (2002) Mass spectrometer hardware for analyzing stable isotope ratios. In P de Groot (ed.) Handbook of stable isotope analytical techniques. Elsevier, Amsterdam Brandriss ME, O Neil JR, Edlund MB, Stoermer EF (1998) Oxygen isotope fractionation between diatomaceous silica and water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62 1119-1125 Bremner JM, Keeney DR (1966) Determination and isotope ratio analysis of different forms of nitrogen in soils. III. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 30 577-582 Brenninkmeijer CAM (1993) Measurement of the abundance of CO in the atmosphere and the and 0/ 0 ratio of atmospheric CO with applications in New Zealand and Australia. J Geophys Res 98 10595-10614... 

The best precision is obtained for isotope ratios near unity (unless the element to be determined is near the detection limit, when the ratio of spike isotope to natural isotope should be between 3 and 10) so that noise contributes only to the uncertainty of natural isotope measurement. Errors also become large when the isotope ratio in the spiked sample approaches the ratio of the isotopes in the spike (overspiking), or the ratio of the isotopes in the sample (underspiking), the two situations being illustrated in Fig. 5.11. The accuracy and precision of the isotope dilution analysis ultimately depend on the accuracy and precision of the isotope ratio measurement, so all the precautions that apply to isotope ratio analysis also apply in this case. 

Isotope ratio analysis, 131-134 abundance, 131 correction factor, 131 detector dead time, 132-133 mass bias, 131. 132(f) precision of, 133... 

Dow Chemieal Company (1999) Material Safety Data Sheet Diethanolamine, Midland, MI Dutertre-Catella, H., Lieh, N.R, Huyen, VN. Truhaut, R. (1982) Comparative study of skin and eye irritation by ethanolamines (mono, di, tri and poly). Arch. mal. prof, 43, 455 60 Eisen, E.A., Tolbert, RE., Monson, R.R. Smith, T.J. (1992) Mortality studies of maehining fluid exposure in the automobile industry. I A standardized mortality ratio analysis. Am. J. ind. Med., 22, 809-824... 

Eisen, E.A., Tolbert, P.E., Monson, R.R. Smith, T.J. (1992) Mortality studies of machining fluid exposure in the automobile industry. 1 A standardized mortality ratio analysis. Am. J. 

Vartianen T. Kartovaara L, Tuomisto J (1999) Environmental chemicals and changes in sex ratio analysis over 250 years in Finland. Environ Health Perspect, 107 813-815. 

T. Vartiainen, L. Rartovaara, and J. Tuomisto, Environmental Chemicals and Changes in Sex Ratio Analysis Over 250 Years in Finland, Environ. HealthPerspect. 107 (1999) 813-15. 

Ratio Analysis Dimensional Analysis with Money... 

In financial matters, a similar technique, ratio analysis, is used to judge whether a company is healthy witli respect to industry standards. In ratio analysis most of die quantities compared are quantities of money, so the ratio of one quantity of money to another quantity of money is, by definition, a new dimensionless ratio (like die Reynolds number or lift coefficient), and these financial ratios can be used to compare businesses in similar industries or businesses (in engineering, such comparison is referred to as dynamic similitude). 

The chapter considered the engineer s fear of financials and attempted to overcome it with a straightforward discussion of cash flow, income, and balance statements. The mathematics of these statements is simple arithmetic, but the confusion seems to come from not understanding a few key terms. The chapter also considered the utility of ratio analysis—what engineers might call dimensional analysis for companies—breakeven analysis, and the basics of the time value of money. Although a full discussion was beyond the scope of this chapter, the discussion served up the basics and may also serve to introduce more careful treatments in other courses or texts. 

S. D. Maleknia and K. M. Downard. Charge Ratio Analysis Method Approach for the Deconvolution of Electrospray Mass Spectra, Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 111. 

LA-TOF-ICP-MS may be a useful tool for distinguishing different sources of lead found in low-lead, alkaline-based and lead-based glazes from Mesopotamia. Even with the limitations of the present study, lead-isotope ratios determined by TOF-ICP-MS indicate that multiple ore sources were utilized by makers of Islamic lead-glazed pottery. With the further refinements of Dudgeon et al. (this volume), LA-TOF-ICP-MS promises to be a rapid, cost-effective approach to lead-isotope ratio analysis of glazed pottery. 

Much progress has also been made in the development of methods for authenticity control of flavor compounds, such as chiral separations or isotope ratio analysis. However, a comprehensive discussion of this subject would have gone beyond the limits of this chapter. The interested reader is, therefore, referred to some recent articles published in this field [109-111],... 

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