Structure restructuring

Tochihara H and Mizuno S 1998 Composite surface structures formed by restructuring-type adsorption of alkali-metals on FCC metals Prog. Surf. Sc/. 58 1... 

The various restructures of the industry are all planned to address these major issues. Wide-area planning, while undefined, may solve certain issues resulting from the unknown parameters. Divestiture of the industiy into generation, transmission, and distribution companies will strengthen emphasis on the facilities involved. Many of these new structures will move the industiy toward full competition however, coordination of their activities could become more difficult. 

This apparent time dependent cell disruption is caused because of the statistically random distribution of the orientation of the cells within a flow field and the random changes in that distribution as a function of time, the latter is caused as the cells spin in the flow field in response to the forces that act on them. In the present discussion this is referred to as apparent time dependency in order to distinguish it from true time-dependent disruption arising from anelastic behaviour of the cell walls. Anelastic behaviour, or time-dependent elasticity, is thought to arise from a restructuring of the fabric of the cell wall material at a molecular level. Anelasticity is stress induced and requires energy which is dissipated as heat, and if it is excessive it can weaken the structure and cause its breakage. 

Extrusion texturization is a process that uses mechanical shear, heat, and pressure generated in the food extruder to change the structures of food components, including proteins (Harper, 1986). Protein texturization creates filamentous structures, crumbly surfaces, or other physical formations by restructuring or realigning folded or tightly wound globular structures into stretched, layered, or cross-linked mass (Kinsella and Franzen, 1978). 

Chemisorption of oxygen at Ag(110) at 300 K forms added rows of-Ag-O-extending along the [001] direction much like those observed with Cu(110). At saturation the monolayer, as with Cu(110), has a (2 x 1)0 structure.16 On exposure to ammonia at 300 K, Guo and Madix established17 that this oxide structure undergoes extensive restructuring where the added silver atoms in the monolayer are released to form nanoscale islands with the formation of... 

Portal hypertension is a consequence of increased resistance to blood flow through the portal vein. Increased resistance is usually due to restructuring of intrahepatic tissue (sinusoidal damage) but may also be caused by presinusoidal damage such as portal vein occlusion from trauma, malignancy, or thrombosis. A third (and the least common) mechanism is outflow obstruction of the hepatic vein. This latter damage is posthepatic, and normal liver structure is maintained. This chapter will focus on portal hypertension caused by intrahepatic damage from cirrhosis. 

Many of the structural features of sol-gel-derived inorganic polymers are rationalized on the basis of the stability of the M-O-M condensation products in their synthesis environments. Structures which emerge in solution reflect a successive series of hydrolysis, condensation and, depending on the acid or base concentration, restructuring reactions. M-O-M bonds which are unstable with respect to hydrolysis or alcoholysis are generally absent. During... 

The structures of sol-gel-derived inorganic polymers evolve continually as products of successive hydrolysis, condensation and restructuring (reverse of Equations 1-3) reactions. Therefore, to understand structural evolution in detail, we must understand the physical and chemical mechanisms which control the sequence and pattern of these reactions during gelation, drying, and consolidation. Although it is known that gel structure is affected by many factors including catalytic conditions, solvent composition and water to alkoxide ratio (13-141, we will show that many of the observed trends can be explained on the basis of the stability of the M-O-M condensation product in its synthesis environment. 

Figure 1.14 (a) STM image (lOnmx lOnm, tip bias +0.52V, tunneling current 0.5 nA) of a PVBA-induced sawtooth blade in a restructured Ag(l 1 0) surface terrace, (b) Structural model of the chiral kink arrangements induced by lateral interaction of molecular carboxylate end groups with Ag l 0 0 microfacets. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright 2004, American Institute of Physics.)... 

Since the most active catalytic sites are usually steps, kinks, and surface defects, atomically resolved structural information including atomic distribution and surface structure at low pressure, possible surface restructuring, and the mobility of adsorbate molecules and of the atoms of the catalyst surface at high temperature and high pressure is crucial to understanding catalytic mechanisms on transition metal surfaces. The importance of studying the structural evolution ofboth adsorbates... 

The spatial conformation that the ligand-receptor acquires, particularly the spatial disposition that helix 12 of the LBD attains when it binds to estradiol, is key for the subsequent recruitment of the transcription cofactors (Fig. 1.9). Indeed, the arrival of estradiol restructures the entire domain, making helix 12 rotate and close the hole where the leucine zipper sequence of the corepressor had been lodged before (Fig. 1.10). Consequently, both molecules, corepressor and receptor, lose their affinity and their bond is undone. Another structure capable of interacting with gene transcription coactivators is formed at the same place on the receptor (MacGregor et al. 1998 McDonnell et al. 2002). 

---