Least-cost structures

The algorithm is one which starts with the specified input stream and systematically works its way through a process to allowed output streams. Using a mixture of branch and bound and dynamic programming based arguments, the algorithm locates the least cost flowsheet structure. In essence, any time a pair of streams within the process can be connected by a unit, then all units are examined which can make that connection and the least cost one selected. The calculations associated with the enormous number of alternative structures are very significantly reduced by this two level approach. 

While the structural and dynamic considerations described above indicate the basis for the mechanism of selectivity, a direct way to determine which DNA sequences are the least costly to bend is to calculate the free energy cost of the conformational transition. Unfortunately, this is not straightforward, due to the large change in conformation. Instead of calculating the cost of bending the entire TATA element, we have studied segments of the TATA box that are more amenable to calculations of this sort. 

That is why the object of this review is not to show all electrosyntheses that have been commercialized or produced at least in a pilot plant, but to give the reader an idea of the structure of some prominent electrochemical processes. This should be helpful for the reader to estimate—together with one s engineers—the cost structure of electrochemical processes for a company on a specific site [5],... 

Although amorphous cells are the least costly alternative of the three types, they are not a serious consideration for solar hydrogen production as the cost of the added area for panel support structures and extra space needed mitigates some of the savings derived from lower manufacturing and purchasing costs. 

For large-scale applications, microemulsions have often to fulfil further requirements which are not directly connected to the desired phase behaviour or the structure. Harmlessness, biocompatibility, biodegradability or long-term stability of all components maybe needed depending on the application. Inertness and tolerance to the contacted target materials is necessary. Last but not least, cost-effectiveness of the components also plays a very important role. 

A least-cost-per-lane solution ignores the network structure and chooses the minimum- cost warehouse to supply each customer zone, i.e., each customer zone gets delivery from the closest warehouse. In turn, the warehouses are supplied from the closest plant subject to capacity constraints. For the network shown in Figure 2.5, the corresponding decisions regarding how much each plant produces, the quantities shipped to each warehouse, and the quantities shipped by each warehouse to customer zones are shown in the Figure 2.6. 

Throughout the war, DuPont not only dominated the production of explosives, but also set the standard by which Ordnance officials judged the performance of other firms. After the Department invited explosives makers to Washington to learn each firm s capacity and potential. Ordnance officials tried to set prices for TNT based on DuPont s cost structure. If DuPont could sell TNT for 50 per pound, then the others should, too. However, when the other firms hesitated, the Department had to increase its offer, not least because other firms knew that DuPont already had most of the necessary raw materials locked up in contracts. To obtain as much TNT as it wanted, the Department had to offer 52 ji or 55 fi per pound to a few of the other manufacturers. ... 

Battery systems of complex design and structure using—at least for one electrode—expensive materials are (for economic reasons) mainly conceived as storage batteries. Primary (and "reserve") versions of the zinc/silver oxide battery [(-) Zn/KOH/AgO (+)] — as a first example—are only used in particular cases where the question of cost is not crucial, e.g., for marine [26-28] and space applications [29]. 

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