Structural envelope

Low Response Localized building/component damage. Building can be used, however repairs are required to restore integrity of structural envelope. Total cost of repairs is moderate. 

There are two types of equilibrium structures envelope (E) and twist (T), with symmetries C2 and Cs, respectively, shown in Figure 8.6. The conformation transition, puckering, is determined by a linear combination of Z and Z, and is described by a continuous variation of amplitude and phase... 

Cooled first wall portion of the structural envelope... 

S. Brenner, Structure Envelopes and their Application in Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction Data , PhD Thesis, 1999, ETH, Zurich. 

Cell membrane Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeabihty barrier it consists of Hpids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the Hpids thought to form a bHayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU]... 

With the advent of tensile and fabric architecture came a freedom of form which had been generally either lacking or difficult to achieve with more traditional structural materials such as timber, masonry, steel and reinforced concrete. Perhaps for the first time, as described in Section 7.4, designers were confronted with a lightweight, deformable, structural envelope which to some extent defines its own contour but where an almost infinite variety of shapes is possible. It is difficult to adequately describe such forms with just plans, elevations and sections. Therefore, perhaps even more than usual, architects are compelled to conceive and visualise their designs fully in three dimensions, with physical and/or computer-aided design models. 

Lipophilic structure enveloping the antigen to preserve the structure required for its immunogenicity. 

Satellite transition MAS NMR provides an alternative method for detennining the interactions. The intensity envelope of the spimiing sidebands are dominated by site A2 (using the crystal structure nomenclature) which has the smallest Cq, resulting in the intensity for the transitions of this site being spread over the smallest... 

Cyclopentane is nonplanar, with a structure that resembles an envelope (see Fig. 1.5). Four of the carbon atoms are in one plane, and the fifth is out of that plane. The molecule is in continual motion so that the out-of-plane carbon moves rapidly around the ring. 

The structural elements of a building consist of the envelope elements (external walls, floors, ceilings, roof) and internal constructional elements (internal walls). All these opaque (not light transmitting) elements are referred to as walls in this section. Translucent elements are referred to as windows. 

To describe rhe dynamic thermal behavior of the envelope and internal structural elements, the following two methods are most often used In thermal building simulation codes ... 

Plant cells contain a unique family of organelles, the plastids, of which the chloroplast is the prominent example. Chloroplasts have a double membrane envelope, an inner volume called the stroma, and an internal membrane system rich in thylakoid membranes, which enclose a third compartment, the thylakoid lumen. Chloroplasts are significantly larger than mitochondria. Other plastids are found in specialized structures such as fruits, flower petals, and roots and have specialized roles. 

Farnesyl transferase from rat cells is a heterodimer consisting of a 48 kD u-snbnnit and a 46 kD /3-snbnnit. In the structure shown here, helices 2 to 15 of the u-snbnnit are folded into seven short coiled coils that together form a crescent-shaped envelope partially surrounding the /3-snbnnit. Twelve helices of the /3-snl> nnit form a novel barrel motif that creates the active site of the enzyme. Farnesyl transferase inhibitors, one of which is shown here, are potent suppressors of tumor growth in mice, but their value in humans has not been established. 

Our present views on the electronic structure of atoms are based on a variety of experimental results and theoretical models which are fully discussed in many elementary texts. In summary, an atom comprises a central, massive, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a more tenuous envelope of negative electrons. The nucleus is composed of neutrons ( n) and protons ([p, i.e. H ) of approximately equal mass tightly bound by the force field of mesons. The number of protons (2) is called the atomic number and this, together with the number of neutrons (A ), gives the atomic mass number of the nuclide (A = N + Z). An element consists of atoms all of which have the same number of protons (2) and this number determines the position of the element in the periodic table (H. G. J. Moseley, 191.3). Isotopes of an element all have the same value of 2 but differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei. The charge on the electron (e ) is equal in size but opposite in sign to that of the proton and the ratio of their masses is 1/1836.1527. 

Another difficulty with the infrared method is that of determining the band center with sufficient accuracy in the presence of the fine structure or band envelopes due to the overall rotation. Even when high resolution equipment is used so that the separate rotation lines are resolved, it is by no means always a simple problem to identify these lines with certainty so that the band center can be unambiguously determined. The final difficulty is one common to almost all methods and that is the effect of the shape of the potential barrier. The infrared method has the advantage that it is applicable to many molecules for which some of the other methods are not suitable. However, in some of these cases especially, barrier shapes are likely to be more complicated than the simple cosine form usually assumed, and, when this complication occurs, there is a corresponding uncertainty in the height of the potential barrier as determined from the infrared torsional frequencies. In especially favorable cases, it may be possible to observe so-called hot bands i.e., v = 1 to v = 2, 2 to 3, etc. This would add information about the shape of the barrier. 

---