Stringent duties

The selection of surface finish is usually made on the basis of choosing the optimum economic method to meet the objectives related to suitability for the application. The choice may be compromised by global conditions, such as seeking machine or plant uniformity, or by narrow key functions of crucial importance, as with fatigue problems or stringent duty constraints. 

For more stringent duties, such as handling fish, meats, and dairy products, and where there are extended periods of operation between cleaning, the... 

Motor-driven, multistage reciprocating compressors have reportedly been the most popular choice for aeroderivatives. Motor-driven, oil-fiooded screw compressors are also used in some cases. High horsepower, multistage centrifugal compressors, similar to those used at many pipeline compressor stations, may be required for the newer heavy-duty units if the distribution pipeline pressure is insufficient (see Pipelines). Gas turbines have more stringent fuel-gas specifications in terms of cleanliness than do gas-fired boilers. Thus oil- and water-knockout systems, coalescing filters, and fine-mesh filters are used. 

More importantly, such alloys also possess a very low temperature coefficient of electrical resistance (of the order of 220 idQ.IQ.rC, typical), which causes only a marginal change in its resistance value with variation in temperature. They can therefore ensure a near-consistent predefined performance of the motor for which the resistance grid is designed, even after frequent starts and stops. They are also capable of absorbing shocks and vibrations during stringent service conditions and are therefore suitable for heavy-duty drives, such as steel mill applications. 

The next step is to scale down this technology further such that it can also be implemented on heavy-duty trucks. This is an area that is currently undergoing strong development, in striving to comply with the increasing demands for cleaner exhaust and more stringent protection of the environment. 

All individuals and companies have a duty of care to their neighbours, and to the environment in general. In the United Kingdom this is embodied in the Common Law. In addition to this moral duty, stringent controls over the environment are being introduced in the United Kingdom, the European Union, the United States, and in other industrialised countries and developing countries. 

Fuel cell APU applications could benefit significantly from the development of distributed generation systems, especially from residential scale systems, because of the similarity in scale and duty cycle. However, distributed generation systems are designed mostly for operation on natural gas, and do not face as stringent weight and volume requirements as APU applications. As a result, fuel cell APUs are in the early initial system prototype stage. 

The [FDCA] imposes not only a positive duty to seek out and remedy violations when they occur but also, and primarily, a duty to implement measures that will insure that violations will not occur. The requirements of foresight and vigilance imposed on responsible corporate agents are beyond question demanding, and perhaps onerous, but they are no more stringent than the pubhc has a right to expect of those who voluntarily assume positions of authority in business enterprises whose services and products affect the health and well-being of the pubhc that supports them. 

Worldwide emission legislation has become increasingly stringent over the last years. European emission limits for passenger cars and heavy-duty trucks are displayed in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. For passenger cars, the final values and date for EU V are still under discussion. 

In the foreseen revision of Directive 2004/26/EC stringent emission limit values should be foreseen that are more in line with those for heavy duty vehicles than the previous ones. 

The addition of bleaches to aqueous or nonaqueous heavy-duty liquid detergents will impose even more stringent stability requirements on FWAs [144-146],... 

There are stringent controls over emissions of particulate matter and solvent vapours—not only must a factory be of standard sufficient to meet the relevant exposure limits (which are controlled under the Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974, and subsequent regulations) but manufacturers have a legal duty to ensure that exposure and emissions are (in the official phrase) as low as is reasonably practicable . Specific values as limits for emissions of particulates and vapours are laid down under the Environmental Protection Act, 1990. In effect this means that there must be continuing attention to the maintenance of operating standards, and to the improvement of formulations—and on the latter, paint technologists are following two main lines of advance ... 

LLDT, and the automotive manufacturers may use a mixed set of the Bin numbers of 1 (0.00 g NOx/km) to 8 (0.12 g NOx/km) to satisfy the CAES. Recently, the EPA also issued a major program to reduce emissions from heavy-duty vehicles, by 95%, compared to current NOx standard of 5.36 g/kWh for both diesel and gasoline HDVs. The stringent Tier II emission standard of 0.27 g NOx/kWh will be phased in between 2007 and 2010 for the HDVs (Figure 1)P Therefore, the diesel industry and related community are focusing on a way to meet the future NOx emission standards. 

The chief transportation target of the 1970 Clean Air Act was the automobile hence, stringent regulations were directed at automakers. Visible smoke from diesel engines used in heavy-duty vehicles was regulated first. There was a concern that smoky stacks would result in many more complaints as motorists had to pay more for cleaned-up cars. Thus, the first smoke opacity laws were based on the appearance of smoke to the eye. Although the health effect was debated at the time, there was little doubt that smoke obscures visibility. This alone was a sufficient basis for California and U.S. regulations. In 1970,... 

Light duty vehicies 74/290/EEC (first amendment) More stringent emission limits for CO and HC... 

Light duty vehicles 88/76/EEC (fifth amendment) More stringent emissions for CO, HC and NOx Introducing particulate emission limits for diesel. Three vehicles types in function of cubic capacity... 

Such an oxidation catalyst mainly converts CO and hydrocarbons (HC). The limits of NOx are still rather high and the NOx emission requirements can be fulfilled without any active sensor control. However, when the new EURO IV (2005) or EURO V (2008 for heavy duty trucks) legislation is implemented, the limits of NOx will get more and more stringent and require new-sensor controlled after-treatment systems. 

Expert systems can be used to replace the functions of the skilled analyst and at the same time maintain the productivity gains of instrumental automation. Expert systems will become more and more essential as increasingly complicated "black box" instruments are used in the analytical laboratory, and as audit control by regulatory agencies becomes more stringent. In our view, expert systems will both perform the analyses of the skilled technician and carry out the quality control duties of the analyst. 

In most European countries the existing civil liability laws are based on fault or on the negligence concepts (in common law systems). However, in some countries new laws with a strict liability regime as a basis for liability have been enacted. In others, the case law theoretically based on the fault concept has led in some cases to a similar result. The duty of care that is to be considered under fault-based liability is interpreted in such a stringent manner that the difference between these regimes has shrunk. 

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