Stress and brain

McCormick, C.M. et al., Sex-specific effects of prenatal stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress and brain glucocorticoid receptor density in adult rats, Dev. BrainRes., 84, 55, 1995. 

Wu A, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F (2004b) The interplay between oxidative stress and brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates the outcome of a saturated fat diet on synaptic plasticity and cognition. Eur J Neurosci 19 1699-1707... 

A state of chronic deviation of a regulatory system from its normal (homeostatic) operating level is defined as an allostatic state. In the context of drug addiction this term has been introduced by George Koob and Michel Le Moal and represents a chronic deviation of reward set point by dysregulation of reward circuits and brain stress systems that provide a negative motivational state that drives addictive behavior. 

According to the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Opioid Receptois it was proposed to term ORL-1 recqrtor as NOP receptor [1]. The human NOP receptor gene encodes a protein of370 amino acids. Splice valiants have been found in the human and mouse NOP recqrtor with no known functional significance. NOP receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain and in the spinal cord. They are also present in immune cells. A functional role for N/OFQ has been proposed in nociception, locomotoric activity, reward, stress, and immunomodulation. 

Locus ceruleus Nucleus of norepinephrine-containing neurons located in the brain stem that are responsible for physiologic response to stress and panic. 

Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a recently discovered bioactive peptide that has emerged as a new signaling molecule in the complex circuitry that modulates sleep-wakefulness and anxiety-like behavior. The peptide precursor is expressed most prominently in a novel nucleus located in the perilocus coeruleus, a brain structure with well-defined functions in arousal, stress, and anxiety. NPS was also found to induce anxiolytic-like behavior in a battery of four different tests of innate responses to stress. Infusion of NPS potently increases wakefulness and suppresses non-REM (NREM) and REM sleep (Xu et al, 2004). NPS binds to a G-protein-coupled receptor, the NPS receptor, with nanomolar affinity activation of the receptor mobilizes intracellular calcium. The NPS receptor is expressed throughout the brain, particularly in regions relevant to the modulation of sleep and waking, in the tuberomammillary region, lateral hypothalamus, and medial thalamic nuclei. 

Joseph J, Shukitt-Hale B, Casadesus G and Fisher D. 2005. Oxidative stress and inflammation in brain aging nutritional considerations. Neurochem Res 30 927—935. 

A number of toxic conditions beside hypoosmotic stress and hypoxia/ischemia produce brain edema and the causes may be related to regulation of the aquaporins (see Ch. 34). AQP1 and AQP4 are intensely upregulated in reactive astrocytes in subarachnoid hemorrhage [69], in human glioma and astrocytoma [70] and AQP4 in endothelia and reactive astrocytes in metastatic carcinoma [71,72]. 

Kreek, M. J. and Koob, G. F. Drug dependence stress and dysregulation of brain reward pathways. Drug Alcohol Depend. 51 23-47,1998. 

Mortality 71% at 6°C in 7 days nil at 21 °C in 9 days — but some with seizures and kidney histopathology. No spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules. Lead residues elevated in bone, liver, and brain in both groups, but more elevated in cold-stressed group... 

Glaser, R. et al., The differential impact of training stress and final examination stress on herpesvirus latency at the United States Military Academy at West Point, Brain Behav. Immun., 13, 240, 1999. 

Little is known about the molecular mechanisms and complexity converting psychosocial stress into cellular dysfunction in the brain, endocrine, and immune systems. How ordinary and sustained maladapted psychosocial stressors, chronic stress, and an unhealthy lifestyle activate and exert an influence on the biochemistry of the neuro-endocrine-immune axes with implications for future health or disease, is an upcoming innovative research field due to the new and emerging fields of proteomics, metabonomics, and biochip technologies. 

Dysarthria A disturbance of speech and language due to emotional stress, to brain injury, or to paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of the muscles used for speaking. 

Cookson MR, Shaw PJ (1999) Oxidative stress and motor neurone disease. Brain Pathol 9(1) 165-186 Corcoran LJ, Mitchison TJ, Liu Q (2004) A novel action of histone deacetylase inhibitors in a protein aggresome disease model. Curr Biol 14(6) 488-492... 

Vallee M, Rivera JD, Koob GF, Purdy RH, Fitzgerald RL. 2000. Quantification of neurosteroids in rat plasma and brain following swim stress and aUopregnanolone administration using negative chemical ionization gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 287 153. 

Brown RC, Cascio C, Papadopoulos V. 2000. Pathways of neurosteroid biosynthesis in cell lines from human brain regulation of dehydroepiandrosterone formation by oxidative stress and beta-amyloid peptide. J Neurochem 74 ... 

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