Stress prenatal

Stressful early life events, involving abuse or neglect, can have a life-long influence on the stress response, and lead to elevated levels of allostatic load for the lifespan. Overactivity of the stress hormone axis has been linked to prenatal stress or poor maternal care in rodent models, and this overactivity contributes to increased rates of brain and body aging [39]. 

Szuran, T.F. et al., Prenatal stress in rats Effects on plasma corticosterone, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and maze performance, Physiol. Behav., 71, 353, 2000. 

Koehl, M. et al., Prenatal stress alters circadian activity of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and hippocampal corticosteroid receptors in adult rats of both genders, J. Neurobiol., 40, 302, 1999. 

McCormick, C.M. et al., Sex-specific effects of prenatal stress on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress and brain glucocorticoid receptor density in adult rats, Dev. BrainRes., 84, 55, 1995. 

Fujioka, T. et al., The effects of prenatal stress on the development of hypothalamic paraventricular neurons in fetal rats, Neuroscience, 92, 1079, 1999. 

Barbazanges, A. et al., Maternal glucocorticoid secretion mediates long-term effects of prenatal stress, J. Neurosci., 16, 3943, 1996. 

Ward HE, Johnson EA, Salm AK, Birkle DL (2000) Effects of prenatal stress on defensive withdrawal behavior and corticotropin releasing factor systems in rat brain. Physiol Behav 70 359-366... 

Takahashi, L.K., and Kalin, N.H. (1991) Early developmental and temporal characteristics of stress-induced secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones in prenatally stressed rat pups. Brain Res 558 75-78. 

Dugovic C, Maccari S, Weibel L, Turek FW, Van Reeth O. High corticosterone levels in prenatally stressed rats predict persistent paradoxical sleep alterations. J Neurosci 1999 19 8656-8664. 

Lee PR, Brady DL, Shapiro RA, Dorsa DM, Koenig JI. Prenatal stress generates deficits in rat social behavior reversal by ox)4ocm. Brain Res. 2007 1156 152-167. 

One important measure of the effects of maternal stress during pregnancy involves infant temperament. Maternal stress during pregnancy predicts cognitive performance deficits and fearfulness in infancy.55 Measures of temperament and behavioral reactivity in the first few years of postnatal life show the influence of prenatal stress and maternal-placental hormones.56... 

It s possible that fetal overexposure to stress hormones causes physiological programming that endures through childhood and adulthood. Animal experiments demonstrate that prenatal stress hormone excess reduces birth weight and causes lifelong postnatal hypertension, hyperglycemia, and behavioral abnormalities.57 In fact, the scientific literature cites many animal experiments on the effects of maternal stress on fetal development, but it s difficult to interpret what these results mean for human fetal development.58... 

Huizink, A. C., Mulder, E. J., Buitelaar, J. K. (2004). Prenatal stress and risk for psychopathology specific effects or induction of general susceptibility Psychol. Bull. 130 115—142. 

Merlot, E., Couret, D., Otten, W. (2008). Prenatal stress, fetal imprinting and immunity. Brain Behav. Immun. 22 42—51. 

Fride, E. and Weinstock, M.. (1988) Prenatal stress increases anxiety related behavior and alters cerebral lateralization of dopamine activity. Life Sci. 42,1059-1065. 

Schneider ML, Roughton EC, Koehler AJ, Lubach GR. 1999. Growth and development following prenatal stress exposure in primates An examination of ontogenetic vulnerability. Child Dev 70 263-274. 

Neeley, E.W., Berger, R., Koenig, J.l, et al, 2011. Prenatal stress differentially alters brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and signaling across rat strains. Neuroscience 187, 24-35. 

WEINSTOCK, M. (1997) Does prenatal stress impair coping and regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 21,1-10. 

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