Streptomycin table

Resistance to lividomycin. Lividomycin is a new aminoglycoside pentasaccharide antibiotic containing 2-deoxystreptamine (Figure 7.13) [200]. The activity of lividomycin against strains of Ps. aeruginosa is similar to that shown by streptomycin (Table 7.17). Lividomycin is not phosphory-lated by the neomycin kanamycin phosphotransferase because it lacks the 3 -hydroxyl group [212]. However, recently the presence was reported... 

Among the older aminoglycoside derivatives, kanamycin A and sisomicin were, at one time, a significant part of medical practice, but have now been largely replaced by the compounds Hsted in Table 1. Streptomycin is stiH used in a few restricted situations. 

This chapter will discuss the following primary aiititubercular drugp ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazin-amide, rifampin, and streptomycin. Other primary and secondary drugp are listed in the Summary Drug Table Aiititubercular Drugp. 

The primary application of the procedure is the determination of the presence or absence of 3-lactam 7) residues in milk and secondarily to measure the levels quantitatively. The receptor assay system has now been expanded to qualitatively detect residues of tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, novobiocin, and sulfamethazine in milk, serum and urine (Table II) (30). 

Tetracyclines are a family of antibiotics which display a characteristic 4-fused-core ring structure (Figure 1.16). They exhibit broad antimicrobial activity and induce their effect by inhibiting protein synthesis in sensitive microorganisms. Chlortetracycline was the first member of this family to be discovered (in 1948). Penicillin G and streptomycin were the only antibiotics in use at that time, and chlortetracycline was the first antibiotic employed therapeutically that retained its antimicrobial properties upon oral administration. Since then, a number of additional tetracyclines have been discovered (all produced by various strains of Streptomyces), and a variety of semi-synthetic derivatives have also been prepared (Table 1.18). 

TTie major clinically important aminoglycosides are amikacin (Amikin), gentamicin Garamycin), kanamycin (Kantrex), netilmicin Netromycin), neomycin Myci-fradin), streptomycin, and tobramycin (Nebcin). Their pharmacokinetic characteristics are shown in Table 46.1. 

In the period 1988-1989, the drug residue profile in edible animal products does not change. Data complied by the FSIS National Residue Program during 1988 showed that chlortetracycline, erytlrromycin, gentamicin, neomycin, oxytetracycline, penicillins, streptomycin, tetracycline, and tylosin were the antibiotics most often present in the samples analyzed (Table 13.3). During the same period. 

During the initial phase, isoniazid is always used in combination with one other drug — rifampin, streptomycin, or ethambutol. In advanced or cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis, often three drugs are used — isoniazid, rifampin, and streptomycin or ethambutol. The pharmacological properties of the most often used drugs are summarized in Table 39.1. 

Isoniazid (INH), rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin are the five first-line agents for treatment of tuberculosis (Table 47-1). Isoniazid and rifampin are the two most active drugs. An isoniazid-rifampin combination administered for 9 months will cure 95-98% of cases of tuberculosis caused by susceptible strains. The addition of pyrazinamide to an isoniazid-rifampin combination for the first 2 months allows the total duration of therapy to be reduced to 6 months without loss of efficacy (Table 47-2). In practice, therapy is initiated with a four-drug regimen of isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol or streptomycin until susceptibility of the clinical isolate has been determined. Neither ethambutol nor streptomycin adds substantially to the overall activity of the regimen (ie, the duration of treatment cannot be further reduced if either drug is used), but they do provide additional coverage should the isolate prove to be resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, or both. Unfortunately, such resistance occurs in up to 10% of cases in the United States. Most patients with tuberculosis can be treated entirely as outpatients, with... 

Puromycin causes premature chain termination in both pro- and eukaryotes chloramphenicol binds to 50 S ribosomal subunit and inhibits peptidyl-synthetase streptomycin binds to 30 S ribosome, causing misreading of mRNA, and so on. See Table 12.3. 

In these tests, MIC represented the smallest concentration of antibiotic/non-antibiotic that completely inhibited growth. Fourteen strains of mycobacteria were used for this study (Table 32). The drugs, namely, Streptomycin and Ri-fampicin, were used at the following concentrations ( xg/ml) in Kir diner s liquid medium [51] 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0, with one drug-free control for methdilazine the concentrations (pg/ml) was 1,2.5,5.0,7.5,10.0,12.5, and 15. 

Table 32 Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methdilazine (Md), streptomycin (Sm) and rifampicin (Rf) on Mycobacterium spp. ...

Table 36 Percent increase in activities of streptomycin (Sm) and methdilazine (Md) compared with individual activities on the basis of their surface area of their inhibition zones ...

Polycations such as protamine or streptomycin may also be used for differential protein precipitation. These materials bind to negatively charged compounds and hence neutralize a large proportion of the charge they possess. Polycations can be used most advantageously if the desired protein is not precipitated by them. As shown in Table 10-3, PEP carboxykinase from R. rubrum remains soluble while three-quarters of the undesired proteins precipitate with protamine sulfate. On the other hand, the fact that polycations irreversibly remove many anionic proteins somewhat limits their use. When polycations are used they must be... 

VII. Tables of Properties of Some Streptomycin and Related Derivatives. 382... 

Thus A, B = —72,900 and since B = —42,500, A, = —30,400. This value is sufficiently close to those of Table I to indicate that in all probability this linkage is of the o-l variety. The dodecaacetyldihydro-streptomycin was amorphous but was prepared through crystalline intermediates and was purified by chromatographic procedures. 

Both methanolysis and mercaptolysis of streptomycin B yielded known derivatives of streptidine, streptobiosamine and D-mannose, while dihydrostreptomycin B yielded derivatives of streptidine, dihydro-streptobiosamine and D-mannose.The derivatives of D-mannose which were obtained are listed in Table II. These results, together with the analytical data for the hydrochloride and reineckate of streptomycin B, established the composition of the free base as C27H490nN7 and showed that the substance exists as glycosidically linked streptidine,... 

Resistance to streptomycin. Streptomycin [209] is produced by Strep-tomyces griseus. It is a tri-acidic base consisting of three components streptidine, streptose and N-methylglucosamine (Figure 7. II). The compound has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, including Ps. aeruginosa (Table 7.13). 

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