Streptomycin, preparation

Streptomycin preparations generally contain 1.5% terramycin to prevent the development of resistance to streptomycin. Terramycin (oxytetracycline) belongs to the tetracyclic antibiotics, isolated by Finlay et al. (1950) from Streptomyces rimosus culture (2). It is an antibiotic with contact and systemic fungicidal action, and has been recommended alone for protection against Puccinia triticina and Xanthomonas pruni (Muller, 1969, Keil and Civerolo, 1979). 

Dihydrostreptomycin sulfate may be prepared from streptomycin sulfate by catalytic hydrogenation (Merck, Pfizer, Cyanamid), electrolytic reduction (Schenley, Olin Mathieson), or by sodium boro hydride reduction (Bristol), or by isolation from a fermentation process (Takeda). 

Numerous cases of the use of antibiotics(especially cycloheximide, ohyamycin, streptomycin, tetracyclines, penicillin, griseofulvin, and polymyxin) against several bacterial and fungal diseases are now known(33-35). In the United States of America, Merck sells preparations of streptomycin and Upjohn sells that of cycloheximide for the control of the diseases of ornamental plants(R.Burg,... 

Skin sensitivity Take care handling streptomycin for injection to avoid skin sensitivity reactions. As with all IM preparations, inject streptomycin sulfate injection well within the body of a relatively large muscle and take care to minimize the possibility of damage to peripheral nerves. 

Tetracyclines are a family of antibiotics which display a characteristic 4-fused-core ring structure (Figure 1.16). They exhibit broad antimicrobial activity and induce their effect by inhibiting protein synthesis in sensitive microorganisms. Chlortetracycline was the first member of this family to be discovered (in 1948). Penicillin G and streptomycin were the only antibiotics in use at that time, and chlortetracycline was the first antibiotic employed therapeutically that retained its antimicrobial properties upon oral administration. Since then, a number of additional tetracyclines have been discovered (all produced by various strains of Streptomyces), and a variety of semi-synthetic derivatives have also been prepared (Table 1.18). 

Parenteral preparations containing fixed dose combination of streptomycin with penicillin. 

Streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin are aminoglycoside antibiotics closely related in structure, which are active against mainly gram-negative bacteria. Streptomycin is produced by certain strains of Streptomyces griseus dihydrostreptomycin can be prepared by reduction of streptomycin. 

Media basal RPMI 1640 medium requires supplementation with sodium pyruvate, L-glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin before use. The supplements are supplied as concentrates of 50X or 100X, and the appropriate amounts should be added. Standard tissue culture media for hybridoma production contain 5%, 10%, or 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS see Note 6). Sufficient quantities should be prepared in advance and a sterility check should be performed on them prior to use. 

Several compounds of this type, formally derived from aldoses by oxidation of the terminal CH2OH group to -CHO, have been prepared. Dialdoses arise as intermediates in structural studies, but they are also valuable starting materials for synthetic conversions, in particular for natural-product synthesis. A branched-chain dialdose, streptose (167), occurs as a component of the antibiotic streptomycin. The structure of streptose was elucidated after extensive investigations of its derivatives and transformation products.371 The 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran fulvanol (168), an analogue of apiose, has been isolated from the plant Hemerocallis fulva 12... 

The method contains three stages including first establishing a cell line followed by test chemical exposure and finally evaluated for expression of cell surface markers. To establish a cell line, human leukocyte preparations are attained from a plasma distributor. The leukocyte preparations as described by Ryan et al. (2004), are diluted with an equal part of complete medium (RPMI 1640 containing 1 x L-glutamine, 1 x penicillin-streptomycin-neomycin antibiotic mixture), 30 p,2-mercaptoethanol and 10 % heat inactivated fetal bovine serum. The diluted preparation is layered onto a Ficoll-Paque gradient to... 

GH release was determined using cultured rat pituitary cells (Brazeau et al. 1982 Perkins et al. 1983 Scheikl-Lenz et al. 1985). Pituitary cells were prepared by enzyme dispersion with collagenase, DNAase and pancreatin. The cells were cultured for 3 days in microbiological Petri dishes in Dulbecco s modified essential medium with 20 mM HEPES, 15 % fetal calf serum, 100 mU/ml penicillin-G and 100 (ig/ml streptomycin at 37 °C and 10 % C02. 

The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) test was performed in 96-well flat-bottomed microtiter plates. Selected experimental agents were prepared as 10 mM stock solution in DMSO and a 50-fold dilution of this was prepared in RPMI. Serial dilutions were prepared from this subsequent solution and 10 xl of the diluted stock was added to the well to give concentrations in the assay starting at 9.5 xm. In each well was placed 1.5 x 105 donor cells to give a final volume of 0.2 ml RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% human serum, 2mM L-glutamine, and penicillin/streptomycin. Cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% carbon dioxide for 120 hours. 3H-Thymidine (0.5 xCi) was added in the final 6 hours of incubation and cell radioactivity levels determined, which were indicative of T-cell proliferation. 

As Streptomyces contain high proportions of proteases, a protease inhibitor, diphenylcarbamoyl chloride, was added to the buffer during purification of the dTDP-dihydrostreptose synthase. A partially purified, enzyme preparation from S. griseus could be obtained by removal of nucleic acids with streptomycin and fractionation with ammonium sulfate.40 However, when this enzyme preparation was subjected to gel filtration on a column of Sephadex G-100, enzyme activity was completely lost. By combining certain fractions of the column eluate, enzyme activity could be partially restored. 

Use of alkylamide phases, in which alkyl chains are attached to the silica surface via an alkylamide group, reduces interactions with free silanols, by an internal masking mechanism. Residual silanols interact by hydrogen bonding with the embedded amide groups and thus become less active toward analytes. The embedded polar amide groups lessen the hydrophobicity of these phases compared to that of C18 bonded phases prepared from the same silica. Improved peak shapes of ionizable compounds were reported and this stationary phase was successfully used under IPC conditions to analyze streptomycin and its dihydrostreptomycin derivative in food... 

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