Antibiotics streptomycins

Control of tuberculosis, long one of the scourges of mankind, began with the introduction of effective antibacterial agents. Thus, this disease was treated initially with some small measure of success with various sulfa drugs the advent of the antibiotic, streptomycin, provided a major advance in antitubercular therapy, as did the subsequent discovery of isoniazid and its analogs. 

Fluidised beds have been used previously for the industrial-scale recovery of the antibiotics streptomycin and novobiocin.30 However, more recently, considerable interest has been shown in the use of fluidised beds for the direct extraction of proteins from whole fermentation broths.31 In a packed bed, the adsorbent particles are packed within the contactor. The voidage, that is, the inter-particle space, is minimal and thus feedstock clarification is mandatory to avoid clogging of the bed. In a fluidised/expanded bed, the adsorbent bed is allowed to expand by irrigation with feedstock. Bed voidage is increased, allowing the passage of particulates in the feed. The diameters of the adsorbent beads are exaggerated for illustrative clarity. 

Deoxy-2-methylamino-L-glucose (N-methyl-i.-glucosamine) NHCH, HO HO H HOH2 C—C—C—C—C—CHO H H HO H the antibiotic streptomycin... 

D) Wilson discovering the broad spectrum antibiotic streptomycin... 

The aminoglycoside antibiotics streptomycin (Box 20-B),c d u v the neomycins,w paromomycin (see drawing below),c x z gentamycin,aa and kanamycin have one structural unit in common. They often bind to 16S ribosomal RNA in the decoding center. 

Acler Actiluatics. Other antibiotics were quickly discovered after the introduction of penicillin. A different type of antibiotic, streptomycin, which is active against a widei lange of pathogens than penicillin and is a potent inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, was isolated from a strain of actinomycete from the throat of a chicken by Waksman at Rutgers in 1944 (Aiba and Evans). Actinomycetes are commonly found in soil and are intermediate between fungi and bacteria. Since 1944. numerous other metabolic products of actinomycetes have been isolated and have made a transition from the bench scale to wide therapeutic use. 

Oilier examples of this type of reaction are file conversion of the antibiotic streptomycin sulfate to its corresponding chloride hy means of anion exchange, the exchange of Na ions in milk for the K ion. and the conversion of NaCKdj to H CiOi by cation exchange The latter process is used extensively in the plaling industry to concentrate ICCrO, Iron rinse waters, with subsequent reuse of a toxic chemical ami reuse of ihe rinse water in what might be termed a closed system. 

Several compounds of this type, formally derived from aldoses by oxidation of the terminal CH2OH group to -CHO, have been prepared. Dialdoses arise as intermediates in structural studies, but they are also valuable starting materials for synthetic conversions, in particular for natural-product synthesis. A branched-chain dialdose, streptose (167), occurs as a component of the antibiotic streptomycin. The structure of streptose was elucidated after extensive investigations of its derivatives and transformation products.371 The 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran fulvanol (168), an analogue of apiose, has been isolated from the plant Hemerocallis fulva 12... 

An indirect AAS method was described for EDTA in the antibiotic streptomycin [42]. The method involved formation of the Ni(II) complex with EDTA, release of complexed Ni(II) by pH adjustment, and subsequent determination of Ni(II) by AAS. EDTA was also determined through its masking effect on the extraction of copper oxinate into methylisobutyl ketone at pH 6.5. The decrease in AAS signal of Cu(II) was linearly proportional to the EDTA concentration [43]. 

Following excess glucose addition to soil, there is a rapid increase in the rate of evolution of C02-C. Over the first 2 hours, the increase in C02-C is proportional to the size of the initial microbial biomass. After this time the relationship weakens as new microbial cells proliferate (Anderson and Domsch 1978). This method, usually termed substrate induced respiration, provides a rapid means of measuring the microbial biomass. Lin and Brookes (1999a) also showed that it was strongly correlated with ATP and biomass C measured by microscopy. The SIR method, in combination with the use of an antibiotic (streptomycin) and a fungicide (cyclohexamide) can also provide... 

Aminoglycosides belong to a group of natural and semisynthetic antibiotics. Streptomycin was the first member. It was discovered by Waksrnan and colleagues and used for the treatment of tuberculosis. 

Our second example is from the chemistry of microorganisms. The antibiotic streptomycin is produced rather erratically by the microorganism Streptomyces griseus. It has now been discovered that another compound, called A-factor stimulates the microorganism into streptomycin production. Synthetic A-factor can be used to switch on antibiotic synthesis in the microorganism,... 

Loss of tritium from D-glucose-3-t (but not from D-glucose-J-f) during the biosynthesis of L-streptidine (77), which is a component of the antibiotic streptomycin, showed that the 3-guanidination of D-l-deoxy-l-guanidino-sci/Wo-inositol (75) may proceed through the 3-ketone intermediate 76. The enzyme system was specific195 for the D-isomer (75). 

The GT-B fold family includes most prokaryotic enzymes that produce secondary metabolites, like the antibiotics streptomycin, oleandomycin (Fig. 1) and vancomycin, and important bacterial cell wall precursors. It is also predicted to contain the vitally important 0-GlcNAc transferase that modifies many nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins and influences gene transcription. The first glycosyltransferase structure reported in 1994 was for the GT-B fold enzyme, P-glucosyltransferase (BGT) from bacteriophage T4 (22). This enzyme attaches glucose to modified... 

A satisfactory correlation has been found to exist between sensitivity of archaeal ribosomes to certain antibiotics (streptomycin, erythromycin, a-sarcin) and possession of the specific structural motifs that are involved in antibiotic action. 

In weak composite acrylamide-agarose gels Dahlberg et al. (1969) reported that not only ribosomes but polysomes could be made to migrate, and this provides indeed an elegant and convenient procedure for the analysis of polysome populations (Fig. 10.15). Addition of the antibiotic streptomycin which is known to bind to ribosomes, causes... 

Degradation product of Streptidin component of the antibiotic Streptomycin Component of the antibiotics Kanamycin and Neomycin... 

Selective reduction of m-dinitrobenzene (121) followed by, successively, diazotiza-tion, introduction of hydroxyl, reduction of the nitro group and carboxylation, yields the antimycobacterial agent p-aminosalicylic acid (122) (Scheme 25) used with the antibiotic streptomycin. A three-step synthesis starting with toluene yields the inexpensive drug thioacetazone (123). 

Application by Titus and Fried (7) of the method to the antibiotic streptomycin, resulted in the demonstration of a second and structurally different streptomycin. When applied to the antibiotic gramicidin, two new structurally different gramicidins were found. A considerable number of other instances could be mentioned. 

In 1944, the antibiotic streptomycin (Fig. 10.70) was discovered from a systematic search of soil organisms. It extended the range of chemotherapy to Tubercle bacillus and a variety of Gram-negative bacteria. This compound was the first example of a series of antibiotics known as the aminoglycoside antibiotics. 

In 1960, Robert Fitzgerald and Paul Keyes demonstrated the types of bacteria responsible for caries. They isolated streptococci from a carious lesion and made several of the isolates resistant to a non-penicillin antibiotic (streptomycin) which provided them with a means of isolating and identifying these bacteria subsequently. The streptomycin-resistant strains were used to infect young hamsters that were resistant to caries despite the diet. The infected hamsters developed caries and the streptomycin-resistant bacteria appeared in... 

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