Streptomyces spp

M.p. 296 C. Accepts an electron from suitable donors forming a radical anion. Used for colorimetric determination of free radical precursors, replacement of Mn02 in aluminium solid electrolytic capacitors, construction of heat-sensitive resistors and ion-specific electrodes and for inducing radical polymerizations. The charge transfer complexes it forms with certain donors behave electrically like metals with anisotropic conductivity. Like tetracyanoethylene it belongs to a class of compounds called rr-acids. tetracyclines An important group of antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces spp., having structures based on a naphthacene skeleton. Tetracycline, the parent compound, has the structure ... 

However, important as the /3-lactams are, they are but one of mai r families of anhbiotics (Chapter 5). Furthermore, most industrial microorganisms used to make j8-lactams are fungi this is atypical of anhbiotics as a whole where bacteria, particularly Streptomyces spp., predominate. Chapter 5 and some of the further reading at the end of this chapter provide the broad perspechve, including informahon on those anribiohcs made by total or partial chemical synthesis, against which this present account with its necessarily selechve subject matter should be read. 

Furthermore, antibiotics produced by fermentation of various moulds or, espeeially, Streptomyces spp. can be employed by medieinal ehemists as starting bloeks in the production of what might be more effective antimierobial eompounds. 

Grund E, C Knorr, R Eichenlaub (1990) Catabolism of benzoate and monohydroxylated benzoates by Amyco-latopsis and Streptomyces spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 56 1459-1464. 

Mullen et al. (1989) reported that Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa were able to sorb an average of 89% of the total Ag+ and 12-27% of the total Cd2+, Cu2+ and La3+ from a ImM solution. Using polyacrylamide-entrapped cells of Brevibacterium sp strain PBZ, Simine et al. (1998) measured a sorption capacity of 40 mg g-1 and 13 mg g-1 dry biomass for Pb and Cd, respectively. Hall et al. (2001) isolated two bacterial strains of P. syringae that were tolerant to 1000 mg L-1 Cu. Similarly, Amoroso et al. (2001) were able to obtain Streptomyces spp. strains R22 and R25 with a high tolerance to Cr from sediments of the Sail River, Argentina. The cells of R22 and R25 could accumulate 10.0 and 5.6 mg Cr g-1 dry weight, respectively, from a concentration of 50 mg Cr mL 1. Cell fractionation studies with strain R22 showed that most of the chromium... 

Pasti-Grigsby MB, Paszczynski A, Goszczynski S et al (1992) Influence of aromatic substitution patterns on azo dye degradability by Streptomyces spp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 58 3605-3613... 

Paszczynski A, Pasti MB, Goszczynski S, Crawford DL, Crawford RL (1991) New approach to improve degradation of recalcitrant azo dyes by Streptomyces spp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Enzyme Microb Technol 13(5) 378-384... 

Agaricus bisporus Pleurotus ostreatus Trichoderma reesei Trichoderma spp. Schizophyllum commune Aspergillus awamori Aspergillus niger Tyromyces palustris Streptomyces flavogriseus Streptomyces olivochromogenes Streptomyces spp,... 

These models have been based on isomerases isolated from Streptomyces spp. and closely related bacteria. It is unfortunate that more distant strains (see below) have not been studied in such a rigorous manner. 

A group of related siderophores comprises the desferri- or deferriferrioxamines (occasionally abbreviated as desferrioxamines) or proferrioxamines. Originally they were obtained from Actinomycetes, mainly Nocardia and Streptomyces spp. (187) and later found to be produced also by Erwinia spp. (several representatives) (e.g. (30a, 113,115,180)), Arthrobacter simplex (B), Chromobacterium violaceum (E) (246a), and by Pseudomonas stutzeri (several) (229a, 246,398). They consist of three (or in rare cases four) mono-N-hydroxy-l,4-diaminobutane (putrescine), mono-iV-hydroxy-l,5-diaminopentane (cadaverine) or (rarely) mono-N-hydroxy-1,3-diaminopropane units connected by succinic acid links. The hydroxylated terminus carries an acetyl or a succinyl (as in the structural formula heading Table 6)... 

Poiyket nolvenes amphotericins (Streptomyces spp. Actinom. Bact. from soil in Venezuela MI) filipin (Streptomyces fllipinensis from Philippine soil MI) natamycin (Streptomyces natalensis from S Africa soil candicidin from Streptomyces griseus MI). 

Polycyclic anthracvclines (Strepton ices spp. ATTC, Aainom., Baa Ml) tetracyclines (Streptomyces spp. ATTC, Aainom., Baa. Ml) angucvciines (Strepton /ces spp. ATCC Baa. Ml) tetracenomvcins (Streptomyces spp. ATCC Ml) bisorbicillinoids bisorbicillinol (T I5.I), bisobutenoIide,andtriOiodimerol from rricfrorferma sp., Eumyc. Nicolaou2000B). 

Macrolides boromvcin-like Mar. aplasmomycin from Streptomycesffiseus, Actinom., Bact. frmn Japan sea mud Land boromycin from African soil Streptomyces antibioticus, Actinom., Ba<4. Stout 1991 antimvcin-like Mar. and Land Streptomyces spp. Imamura 1993. 

Molecular biology proteases/ terrestrial only from Sigma 2000 proteins/used in cloning Streptomyces spp., Actinom. also marine Alteromonas spp., Bact. Domoto 1994, and shipworm Bact. Griffin 1992... 

Ishizuka, H. Horinouchi, S. Kieser, H.M. Hopwood, D.A. Beppu, T. A putative two-component regulatory system involved in secondary metabolism in Streptomyces spp. J. Bacteriol., 174, 7585-7594 (1992)... 

Streptomyces spp. produce both peptide- and non-peptide-based ionophores, the latter type comprising the channel-forming amphotericin B and nystatin. Amphotericin B is a polyhydroxylic lactone which can apparently span half the thickness of a lipid bilayer about 10 molecules are thought to assemble to provide a hydrophilic channel of about 0.5 nm diameter, which allows the passage of small molecules and hydrated metal ions. 

Effective cloning systems are available for a variety of bacterial hosts, including Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces spp., and Agrobacter tumefaciens. Cloning systems have also been developed for eukaryotic hosts such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammalian cells in tissue culture, and plant cells. 

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