Storage facilities costs

Given factors discnssed above, the choice of HCS system shonld probably be driven by software qnality, then resolution and speed. Once the list is narrowed, qnality of service, data storage facility, cost, ability to be automated, and reliability need to be factored into the final decision. 

Indirect Manufacturing Costs Estimates for the cost of payroh overhead, control laboratoiy, general plant overhead, packaging, and storage facilities are best based on company records for similar processes. 

However, Lynn and Howland included in the fixed-capital cost not only money invested in production and storage facilities but also that invested in land, research and development costs, and any auxiliary facihties necessaiy to support the process. Typical values of capit ratios for the year 1958 are listed in Table 9-49. 

Producers of electricity from nuclear power plants are assessed a fee of 0.1 cent per kilowatt-hour to pay for future storage of spent nuclear fuel at a federal facility. Receipts from this fee are allocated to the Nuclear Waste Trust Fund and arc appropriated by Congress to cover the costs of developing and constructing a permanent storage facility. 

Carpetis, C., Estimation of storage costs for large hydrogen storage facilities. Int.. Hydrogen Energy, 7(2), 191-203,1981. 

When hydrogen is produced from water, it takes 50-kW of power costing about 2.50 per kg of hydrogen at present utility rates. This does not include other costs such as physical plants, storage facilities and transportation. 

GC-Computer System Nowadays, a large number of data-processing-computer-aided instruments for the automatic calculation of various peak parameters, for instance relative retention, composition, peak areas etc., can be conveniently coupled with GC-systems. A commercially available fairly sophisticated computer system of such type are available abundantly that may be capable of undertaking load upto 100 gas-chromatographs with ample data-storage facilities. In fact, the installation such as multi GC-systems in the routine analysis in oil-refineries and bulk pharmaceutical industries, and chemical based industries have tremendously cut-down their operating cost of analysis to a bare minimum. 

Classification of Estimates There are two broad classes of estimates grass roots and battery limits. Grass-roots estimates include the entire facility, starting with site preparation, buildings and structures, processing equipment, utilities, services, storage facilities, raihoad yards, docks, and plant roads. A battery-limits estimate is one in which an imaginary boundary is drawn around the proposed facihty to be estimated. It is assumed that all materials, utilities, and services are available in the quality and quantity required to manufacture a product. Only costs within the boundary are estimated. 

It is estimated that bioremediation of sediments using LIST would cost 20% less than dredging and storage in a confined storage facility (D137640, p. 201). 

A 10-miUion-gallon-per-day wastewater treatment facility in El Paso, Texas, has operated since 1985. A PACT system operates as part of a treatment train that includes screening, the two-stage PACT system, lime treatment, two-stage recarbonization, sand filtration, ozonation, GAC filtration, chlorination, and finished water storage. Treatment costs for the entire system are 1.60 per 1000 gal (D19952E, p. 3). 

Batteries are likely to find an increasing application in this role. Although electrochemical storage may prove a less cost-effective alternative in some situations, it has many advantages. Batteries have a much shorter lead time in manufacture than most competitive systems, and being modular (unlike a hydroelectric dam or compressed air store), the energy storage facility can be added to, split into smaller units, or even transported... 

Plant overhead costs do not vary widely with changes in the production, either. Generally, these costs take into account medical services, general plant maintenance, quality-control laboratories, storage facilities, etc. In this discussion we do not consider them, because we think the plant as part of an existing industry. 

There are existing, depleted field, natural gas storage facilities at Karadagh and at Kalmas. Both facilities require significant investment to operate at their full potential. Studies have been conducted on these systems, and budget costs developed. 

The construction cost, 2-4 times higher than for conventional facilities, will remain far less than the construction costs of LNG peak shaving facilities. Due to high deliverability, LRC storage facilities can be cycled several times per year. In this case, the service cost will be comparable to that of a conventional facility. 

The investments required to develop and operate storage facilities represent a major share of the cost of gas supply. Sustained efforts from industrial R D are devoted to the widely used conventional techniques (storage in oil and gas fields, storage in aquifers, and storage in solution mined salt caverns) with the aim to both improve their performances and reduce their costs. Beside the potential of improvement in the performance on the existing sites, the development of new technologies continues to guarantee the consumer security of supply at a reduced cost. 

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