Stimulant stings

Local adverse reactions associated with administration of tiie cycloplegic mydriatics include increased IOP, transient stinging or burning, and irritation with prolonged use (eg, conjunctivitis, edema, exudates). Systemic adverse reactions include dryness of the mouth and skin, blurred vision, photophobia, corneal staining, tachycardia, headache, parasympathetic stimulation, and somnolence. 

Sensations interpreted as pain, including burning, aching, stinging, and soreness, are the most distinctive forms of sensory input to the central nervous system. Pain serves an important protective function because it causes awareness of actual or potential tissue damage. Furthermore, it stimulates an individual to react to remove or withdraw from the source of the pain. Unlike other forms of sensory input, such as vision, hearing, and smell, pain... 

Histamine is a powerful stimulant of nerve endings, both motor and sensory nerves (32). Its stimulation is important in producing pain and itching, which are important components of the urticarial response and reactions to insect stings ( ). This effect is mediated through Hj receptors. Such nerve stimulation might conceivably be important in the initiation of the emetic response. 

The vasodilatory effect of Hi-receptor stimulation is mainly due to an endothelial release of nitric oxide, which is able to activate the soluble guany-late cyclase in vascular smooth muscle cells. This effect is mainly responsible for the erythema seen after injection (insect sting) of histamine. Furthermore, it is responsible, together with the increased capillary permeability, for the cardiovascular symptoms seen in anaphylactic or allergic shock. 

Sting. An injury caused by the venom of a plant or animal (biotoxin) introduced into the individual or with which he or she has come in contact, together with the mechanical trauma caused by the organ responsible for its introduction. Stomachic. A preparation that gives strength and tone to the stomach. Also used to stimulate the appetite. 

Preexposure to menthol and capsaicin can desensitize the response to other stimuli, i.e. the thermal response to a warm solution or the irritation upon a second application of capsaicin (26,27). After capsaicin desensitization, the nerves no longer respond to burning or stinging but still give sensations of numbness or warmth. This effect is most noticeable upon further stimulation with capsaicin and less for the irritants, cinnamic aldehyde and NaCl. This sensitization and the fact that these sensations build in intensity on repeat application differentiate them from the "basic tastes", which adapt to the sensation on repeated application. 

Drugs (e.g., pilocarpine) that cause rapid lacrimation by stinging or by stimulation of lacrimal glands in normal individuals are formulated at high concentration to offset the dilution and washout that occur from tear flow. Patients with dry eyes that do not tear readily can absorb greatly exaggerated doses of topically applied medications. In children, who cry and lacrimate more easily than do adults, rapid drug washout can prevent adequate absorption of topically applied medications. 

Therapeutically, dilute ammonia solution is used as a reflex stimulant in smelling salts , as a rubefacient, and as a counterirritant to neutralize insect bites or stings. ... 

THERAP cat (vet) Externally on bites and stings. As a rubefacient on bruises, sprains. Inhalant as a stimulant. Internally as an antacid and carminative. 

Almost colorless to slightly yellow liquid with an aromatic, pungent odor and the taste of ammonia, d 0.90. Forms an opalescent mixture with water miscible with alcohol. therap CAT Reflex respiratory stimulant. therap cat (vei) By inhalation respiratory and circulatory stimulant. Internally expectorant, diaphoretic, antacid, carminative. Externally counterirritant, and in dilut -ed form to relieve the irritation of insect stings and bites. 

Neuron-like cell lines are attractive models for exploring in vitw ncurotoxicology because they proliferate rapidly in their undifferentiated state, and many of them can be induced to develop propertic.s of more mature neurons (i.e., differentiate) with stimulants such as dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dBcAMP), retinoic acid, or NGF.. Several neuronal cell lines have been studied for more than 30 years and found to have neurobiological properties these cells thus provide well-characterizcd models for specific toxicologic investigations. Mouse, rat, and human cell lines are commonly used for in vitro neurotoxicity te.sting because of their stability and hardiness. 

I. Mechanism of toxicity. The scorpion grasps its prey with its anterior pincers, arches its pseudoabdomen, and stabs with the stinger. Stings also result from stepping on the stinger. The venom of C exilicauda contains numerous digestive enzymes (eg, hyaluronidase and phospholipase) and several neurotoxins. Alteration in sodium channel flow results in excessive stimulation at neuromuscular junctions and the autonomic nervous system. 

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