Sticking factor

From the foregoing discussion, one may suggest that nitrogen ions play the dominant role in the a-C(N) H deposition process. Stronger evidence of this suggestion may only be obtained by more detailed research on this theme, such as the measurement of the absolute sticking factors of the species involved. 

Although the model simulated some of the morphological features of PS, it was too general to account for the different current conduction mechanisms for different types of silicon substrates. For example, for n-Si in the dark, the current is by electron injection into the conduction band from the surface, which cannot be explained by the carrier diffusion model. Also, there is no physical foundation for the sticking factor of carrier to the surface. Furthermore, the model did not consider the nature of the electrochemical reactions at the interface, which must be an important part of the formation mechanism. 

Not every collision leads to penetration of the molecule into the membrane. This is expressed by the sticking factor t as defined by Eq. (9.65) ... 

The sticking factor gives the ratio of the number of activated collisions divided by the total number of collisions, whereas in Eq. (9.65) gives the rate of adsorption (in mol cm s" ), with an activation energy Ea for adsorption at the external surface, the other parameters having their usual meaning. 

Bobrov et find for ethylene on silver films in UHV that an exposure of 1 L leads to a monolayer, based on a kinetic theory estimate, assuming a sticking factor of 1. They see Raman signals already at exposures of 0.03 L which saturate at 2 L. By comparison to the scattering from a crystal of naphthalene ( ) they estimate the enhancement as lO -lO (no further details are given). 

Figure 7 Chroinium oxidation. Oxygen uptake by Cr(100) as a function of time at a pressure of 4.7 x 10 torr oxygen at 350, 500, and 700°C. Indicated on the kinetic curves are the temperature/mass regions over which the various oxide phases are observed. The two face-centered cubic phases are denoted as fcc(l) and fcc(2). At 700°C, the sticking factor is unity over the range shown. (From Ref. 38.)...

Once the collision rate C12 has been obtained from Eq. (66), the coagulation rate can be obtained if particle break-up is excluded and if the percentage of successful collisions between two particles to form a bigger one is known. Von Smoluchowski (42) calculated the effect of introducing a so-called sticking factor (i.e., the fraction of collisions that are successful) on the coagulation rate. 

In practice, sticking factors of less than 1 can be induced, for example, by the addition of a surfactant to the solution. 

It is a probe whose the coil support is a small circular sticks with a straiglit section. The aim of our study is to assimilate the resulting magnetic field to a material point, hi order to minimize the lateral field, we have chosen the construction of conical coil where the lateral field at a contact point in respect to a straight configuration is decreased with an exponential factor. The results obtained from the curves are as follow ... 

Figure Al.6.13. (a) Potential energy curves for two electronic states. The vibrational wavefunctions of the excited electronic state and for the lowest level of the ground electronic state are shown superimposed, (b) Stick spectrum representing the Franck-Condon factors (the square of overlap integral) between the vibrational wavefiinction of the ground electronic state and the vibrational wavefiinctions of the excited electronic state (adapted from [3]).

To conclude, this sampling of the literature of risk perception, the comments of Covello, 1981 may be summarized. Surveys have been of small specialized groups - generally not representative of the population as a whole. There has been little attempt to analyze the effects of ethnicity, religion, sex, region age, occupation and other variables that may affect risk perception. People respond to surveys with the first thing that comes to mind and tend to stick to this answer. They provide an answer to any question asked even when they have no opinion, do not understand the question or have inconsistent beliefs. Surveys are influenced by the order of questions, speed of response, whether a verbal or numerical respon.se is required and by how the answer is posed. Few Studies have examined the relationships between perceptions of technological hazards and behavior which seems to be influenced by several factors such as positive identification with a leader, efficacy of social and action, physical proximity to arenas of social conflict. 

This is our principal result for the rate of desorption from an adsorbate that remains in quasi-equihbrium throughout desorption. Noteworthy is the clear separation into a dynamic factor, the sticking coefficient S 6, T), and a thermodynamic factor involving single-particle partition functions and the chemical potential of the adsorbate. The sticking coefficient is a measure of the efficiency of energy transfer in adsorption. Since energy supply from the... 

The sticking coefficient at zero coverage, Sq T), contains the dynamic information about the energy transfer from the adsorbing particle to the sohd which gives rise to its temperature dependence, for instance, an exponential Boltzmann factor for activated adsorption. 

Inspection of the HRA event tree reveals that the dominant human error is Error A the operator failing to isolate the propane valves first. The other potential human errors are factors only if a propane isolation valve sticks open. Based on these qualitative results alone, a manager rrught decide to periodically train operators on the proper procedure for isolating a failed condenser and to ensure that operators are aware of the potential hazards. The manager might... 

The probability of a valve sticking open is imaffected by the operator s stress level, but the probability of the operator failing to detect the stuck valve (Error B) is increased. The HEP in Handbook Table 20-14 3 is increased by a factor of 5 per Handbook Table 20-16 6a. 

---