Steroids fertility-controlling

J. Salmon and M. Mouren, ia E. E. Baulieu and S. J. Segal, eds.. The Pintiprogestin Steroid RU486 and Human Fertility Control, Plenum Press, New... 

The first generation of drugs that targeted other steroid receptors was found by a similar history from natural sources. Estrone was isolated in 1929 as the first natural estrogenic hormone independently by the chemists E. A. Doisy and A. Butenandt from the urine of pregnant women, and its chemical structure was elucidated 1932 by A. Butenandt [14]. In 1938, H. H. Inhoffen achieved for the first time the synthesis of estradiol from cholesterol (Scheme 1.2). The first synthesis of ethinyl-estradiol, which has an improved oral bioavailability, was published in 1938 by H. H. Inhoffen and W. Hohlweg [15]. This discovery would later become one of the cornerstones of modern female fertility control and, even today, ethinyl-estradiol is an important component of many oral contraceptives. 

Steroid hormones and receptors fertility control, pregnancy testing, etc. 

Reviews and Meetings - An excellent review is that of Swyer on "Fertility Control Achievements and Prospects". highly pertinent reviews by the World Health Organization seem only to have become available recently. These are "Clinical Aspects of Oral 6estogens"5 and "Mechanism of Action of Sex Hormones and Analogous Substances"S5. An article entitled "Pharmacologic Alteration of Steroid Hormone Functions"S6 included a section on reproduction and contraception. The two feature articles by Kiefers fully examined the problem of overpopulation in terms of philosophies, prospects, present activities and possible future actions. 

Drill, V. A. 1959. Proc. Symposium on Fertility Controlling Steroids, Atlantic City. In press... 

R. A., Comparative evaluation of the safety and contraceptive effectiveness of 65 mg and 100 mg of 90-day norethindrone microspheres for controlled release steroid contraception Phase II study, Fertil. Steril., 51. 803, 1989. 

Historically, the 1950s represented an important time in the control of human fertility. It was during that decade that the first combined oral contraceptives were developed. Shortly after the discovery that the exogenous administration of hormones such as progesterone successfully blocked ovulation, the use of hormonal steroids quickly became the most popular method of contraception worldwide. Specifically, combined oral contraceptives represent the most commonly used reversible form of contraception today and it is estimated that nearly 100 million women worldwide take oral contraceptives.1 Further, in the United States, it is estimated that at some time during their lives, more than 80% of women born since 1945 have used oral... 

Endocrine diseases and their treatment have a major impact on health throughout the world, particularly in terms of diabetes, thyroid disease, steroid therapy, and control of fertility. Most endocrine therapy is simple and relatively cheap, but a clear understanding of their actions and uses is essential for safe and cost-effective treatment. In this chapter we will focus mainly on well established and validated endocrine therapies that are widely used throughout the world, with briefer mention of drugs that have recently been introduced. In the sections that follow we outline the major issues in the current clinical pharmacology of endocrine disease, covering each of the major endocrine systems in turn. 

Vermeulen, A. Dhondt, M. Thiery, M. Vandekerckhove, D. Plasma sex steroid and gonadotropin levels in control and silastic vaginal medroxyprogesterone acetate-impregnated ring cycles. Fertil. Steril. 1976, 27, 773-779. 

Steroidal hormones steer protein synthesis in biological cells. Muscles grow, inflammations fade away, and fertilization is controlled by the action of a few micrograms of steroid hormones. 

The nonelemental contaminants originate almost exclusively from human activity. Estrones, steroid hormones that are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), find their way into the environment as metabofites from birth control piUs and fertility medications. They have a strong affinity for humic acid, which leads them to bind to dissolved organic matter and be deposited when the matter drops out of solution (81). PCBs were widely used as coolants and lubricants in capacitors, transformers, and other electrical equipment because of their nonflammable and insulating properties. While PCBs are no longer manufactured in the United States, they are still present in old transformers and capacitors, and are pollutants in soils and sludge in more than 400 U.S. sites (82). 

The present review concerns the use of steroids in the control of fertility in the woman. Animal data is included only insofar as it appertains to the main theme or to bioassay of relevant types. This limitation of subject matter seems desirable owing to limitations of space and, in addition, by the lack of correlation that often exists between the animal and the human model. So great are species variations in the area of reproductive physiology, that the reviewer is tempted to quote the dictum enunciated by Alexander Pope in another connection, The proper study of mankind is man. ... 

The role of steroid hormones in the control of fertility has its origins in foetal biochemistry. Although the sex of the embryo is determined at the... 

Veterinary drugs are used to treat animals for bacterial infections (antibiotics) and parasitic infestations (anthelmintics, coccidiostats), to enhance growth (antibiotics, anabohcs, partitioning agents, thyrostats), to control fertility and reproduction (steroid hormones), or to alter behavior (tranquillizers and sedatives). Within each of the drug types there are different classes and methods for residue analysis are typically class specific (e.g., methods for the class of tetracycline antibiotics). In certain cases, mrdtiresidue methods are available that are broader than specific classes. 

The four compounds shown next are synthetic steroids that are used for birth control each contains an alkyne functional group. Most birth control pills contain ethinyl estradiol (a compound structurally similar to estradiol) and a compound structurally similar to progesterone (such as norethindrone). Ethinyl estradiol prevents ovulation, whereas norethindrone makes it difficult for a fertilized egg to attach to the wall of the uterus. 

Steroids have had a major beneficial effect on human well-being, as medicines and in the control of fertility. However, abuse of steroids as performance-enhancing drugs in competitive athletics has surfaced occasionally. Thus, the sports world was shaken when illicit use of the designer steroid tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) was discovered in 2003— designed to avoid detection in doping tests. 

Steroids are abundant in nature, and many derivatives have physiological activity. They function frequently as hormones, which are regulators of biochemical processes. In the human body, they control sexual development and fertility, in addition to other functions. Because of this feature, many steroids, often the products of laboratory synthesis, are used in the treatment of cancer, arthritis, allergies, and in birth control. 

Non-steroids - Interest in non-steroidal agents for reproduction control appears to be increasing. Several tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives of basic structure 11 have potent estrogenic and anti fertility activity. ... 

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