Stephenson studies

With the onset of the Second World War, Stephenson studied acetone-butyl alcohol fermentation as a means of synthesis of industrial solvents. Of greater importance was her work on pathogenic bacteria and her contributions to the MRC Committee on Chemical Microbiology. After the War, she studied the bacterial synthesis of acetylcholine in sauerkraut, while her last years were spent on an investigation of nucleic acids in bacteria and of their breakdown by enzymes within the cells. 

Fleiiweii E J, Casassa M P, Cavanagh R R and Stephenson J C 1989 Picosecond vibrationai energy transfer studies of surface adsorbates Ann. Rev. Rhys. Chem. 40 143-71... 

Stephenson, D. G., and Sutherland, P. J. (1981). Studies on the luminescent response of the Ca2+-activated photoprotein, obelin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 678 65-75. 

Ultrarapid detoxification employs general anesthesia and opioid antagonists to accomplish withdrawal more quickly (Alvarez and Carmen del Rio 1999 Bell et al. 1999 Brewer et al. 1998 Brewer and Maksoud 1997 Gerra et al. 2000 Kleber 1998 Rabinowitz et al. 1998 SanandArranz 1999 Shreeram et al. 2001 Stephenson 1997 Strang et al. 1997). Its efficacy and safety are being studied. 

Stephenson, E. W., Activation of fast skeletal muscle Contribution of studies on skinned fibers, American Journal of Physiology, 240, Cl, 1981. 

Just a year after Stephenson s classical paper of 1956, J. del Castillo and B. Katz published an electrophysiological study of the interactions that occurred when pairs of agonists with related structures were applied simultaneously to the nicotinic receptors at the endplate region of skeletal muscle. Their findings could be best explained in terms of a model for receptor activation that has already been briefly introduced in Section 1.2.3 (see particularly Eq. (1.7)). In this scheme, the occupied receptor can isomerize between an active and an inactive state. This is very different from the classical model of Hill, Clark, and Gaddum in which no clear distinction was made between the occupation and activation of a receptor by an agonist. 

Some of the most revealing studies of partial agonism (including Stephenson s seminal work) have been done with tissues in which G-proteins (see Chapters 2 and 7) provide the link between receptor activation and initiation of the response. In contrast to the situation with fast receptors with intrinsic ion channels (see above), it is not yet possible to observe the activity of individual G-protein-coupled receptors (with the potential exception of some that are linked to potassium channels) however, enough is known to show that the mechanisms are complex. The interpretation of differences in efficacy for agonists acting at such receptors is correspondingly less certain. 

Stephenson, J. (2001). Studies Illuminate Cause of Total Reaction in Gene-Therapy Trial. JAMA 285 2570-2571. 

Smith MJ, Beck M, Stephenson FA. 2003. Can the yeast two-hybrid system be used to study assembly domains of GABA-A receptor subunits British Neurosci Assoc Abstr 17 26.12. 

The possible effects of different types and magnitudes of reinforcer on nicotine discrimination have not been studied directly although several types have been used. Typically 45 mg food pellets are used for rats and 25 mg pellets for mice although some groups have used sweetened milk as a liquid reinforcer. However, water reinforcers following restricted access to water could also support nicotine discrimination learning (e.g. Morrison and Stephenson 1969 Sanchez et al. 1998 Zaniewska et al. 2006). Varying restricted access to food has not been shown to... 

Von H, Stephenson JJ Jr, Rosen P et al (2010) Pilot study using molecular profiling of patients tumors to find potential targets and select treatments for their refractory cancers. J Clin Oncol 28 4877-4883... 

The photochemistry of thiocarbonyl compounds has been extensively studied over the past three decades, and a variety of photochemical reactions are developed [1-8]. One of the earliest photochemical reactions of thiones is the reaction with oxygen [9]. Schonberg and Stephenson reported a detailed study of the photodimerization of thiophosgene and the wavelength-dependent pho-... 

Langer CJ, Stephenson P, Thor A et al. Trastuzumab in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer is there a role Focus on Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study 2598. J Clin Oncol 2004 22 1180-1187. 

Davies, R. and Stephenson, M. 1941. Studies on the acetone-butyl alcohol fermentation. 

Hoagland, M. B., M. L. Stephenson, J. F. Scott, L. I. Hecht, and P. Zamecnik, A soluble ribonucleic acid intermediate in protein synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 231 241-257, 1958. Describes the pioneering tracer studies that chart the course of amino acid into polypeptide chain. 

Potosky AL, Knopf K, Clegg LX, Albertsen PC, Stanford JL, Hamilton AS, Gilliland FD, Eley JW, Stephenson RA, Hoffman RM. Quality-of-life outcomes after primary androgen deprivation therapy results from the Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study. J Clin Oncol 2001 19(17) 3750-7. 

Laties AM, Shear CL, Lippa EA, Gould AL, Taylor HR, Hurley DP, Stephenson WP, Keates EU, Tupy-Visich MA, Chremos AN. Expanded clinical evaluation of lovastatin (EXCEL) study results. II. Assessment of the human lens after 48 weeks of treatment with lovastatin. Am J Cardiol 1991 67(6) 447-53. 

Stephenson SA, Bryant DK, Thomson CM, Walsgrove TC, Webb ML. An analytical study of the interaction of low levels of formaldehyde with active Pharmaceuticals. Pharm Pharmacol 1998 50(suppl) 122. 

At the start of this section, we derived Equation 5.8 to model dose-response relationships. This equation is elegantly simple and essentially identical to the Michaelis-Menten equation from our studies on enzymes. Receptors, however, are more diverse and more complicated than enzymes. Clark s straightforward equation models few receptors accurately, and Stephenson s equation (5.18) has emerged as the best available description of occupancy theory. While Stephenson s additions may result in a more accurate model, the simplicity of Clark s original theory remains attractive. Many receptor studies still rely on Clark s model and work around its deficiencies as best as possible. 

Larson, K. Vaknin, D. Villavicencio, O. McGrath, D. Stephenson, N. Tsukruk, V. V., (2001) Synchrotron studies of amphiphiles with crown polar heads at air-water interface Polymeric Mater. Sci. Engin. 85, 229-230. 

Hunt, J. W., Anderson, B.S., Phillips, B.M., Tjeerdema, R.S., Taberski, K.M., Wilson, C.J., Puckett, H.M., Stephenson, M., Fairey, R. and Oakden, J. (2001) A large-scale categorization of sites in San Francisco Bay, USA, based on the Sediment Quality Triad, toxicity identification evaluations, and gradient studies, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 1252-1265. 

The first successful experience that used oligonucleotides to inhibit gene expression and virus replication was presented by Zamecnik and Stephenson in 1978 (24). They synthesized a 13-mer oligodeoxynucleotide complementary to the 5 and 3 reiterated terminal sequences of the Rous sarcoma virus 35S RNA and showed that exposure of infected fibroblasts to this oligomer led to a 99% decrease in reverse transcriptase activity in the medium, which also correlated with a decrease in cellular transformation, This study showed that such compounds may have a therapeutic advantage by specifically targeting genetic sequences that are critical to disease processes. 

Since the work of Zamecnik and Stephenson in 1978, showing that a synthetic 13-mer complementary to the 3 - and 5 -terminal sequences of the Rous Sarcoma Virus 35S was able to inhibit virus production in infected chick embryo fibroblast cells [77][78], numerous studies have been done to demonstrate that in vivo oligonucleotides can bind to their complementary sequences in mRNAs or DNA and subsequently act on the cellular machinery. The purpose of this section is to present briefly the potential interest of the platinated oligonucleotides in the context of the antisense and antigene strategies (for a comprehensive view of the antisense and antigene strategies, see [79-83] and references herein). 

---