Soluble ribonucleic acids

Deoxyribonucleic acids are usually prepared by the procedures of Signer and Schwandeb [92], Mabmtjr [46 a] or Massie and Zimm [47]. VoLKCN and Carter s [100] method is suitable for isolation of high molecular weight ribonucleic acid. Soluble ribonucleic acid is frequently isolated by Ztjbay s [112] procedure. 

Campbell, P.N., Smith, A.D. and Peters, TJ. (2005) Biochemistry Illustrated Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in the Post-Genomic Era, 5th edition, Elsevier, London and Oxford, 242 pp. Chapeville, F., Lipmann, F., von Ehrenstein, G., Weisblum, B., Ray, WJ. Jr. and Benzer, S. (1962) On the role of soluble ribonucleic acid in coding for amino acids, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 48, 1086-1092. 

Hoagland, M. B., M. L. Stephenson, J. F. Scott, L. I. Hecht, and P. Zamecnik, A soluble ribonucleic acid intermediate in protein synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 231 241-257, 1958. Describes the pioneering tracer studies that chart the course of amino acid into polypeptide chain. 

STO TCP TOPS TrEMBT tRNA UPGMA URT UTR UV WWW (www) Slater-type orbital transmission control protocol protein topology cartoons translated EMBT transfer (soluble) ribonucleic acid(s) unweighted pair group method using arithmetic means uniform resource locator untranslated region ultraviolet World Wide Web... 

The nucleus of the cell (Figure 1.2) is composed of a porous nuclear membrane, the nucleolus, and soluble materials. The nucleolus contains ribonucleic acids (RNA) and genetic materials also termed chromatin that code for the proteins synthesized upon the ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm. The nuclear membrane is continuous with the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Messenger RNA synthesized in the nucleus is transported across the nuclear membrane and is involved in protein synthesis. It fits into the groove between the large and small rRNA subunits (Figure 1.2)... 

The aminoacyl transfer reaction, one of the latter stages in protein synthesis, involves incorporation of amino acids from soluble ribonucleic acid-amino acid into ribosomal protein. This reaction requires guanosine triphosphate and a soluble portion of the cell. Evidence has been obtained with rat liver preparations that aminoacyl transfer is catalyzed by two protein factors, aminoacyl transferases (or polymerases) I and n, which have been resolved and partially purified from the soluble fraction. Transferase n activity has also been obtained from deoxycholate-soluble extracts of microsomes. With purified transferases I and n, incorporation is observed with relatively low levels of GTP its sulfhy-dryl requirement is met by a variety of compounds. The characteristics of this purified amino acid incorporating system, in terms of dependency on the concentration of its components, are described. 

Jhe synthesis of proteins, as characterized by the in vitro incorporation of amino acids into the protein component of cytoplasmic ribonu-cleoprotein, is known to require the nonparticulate portion of the cytoplasm, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and GTP (guanosine triphosphate) (15, 23). The initial reactions involve the carboxyl activation of amino acids in the presence of amino acid-activating enzymes (aminoacyl sRNA synthetases) and ATP, to form enzyme-bound aminoacyl adenylates and the enzymatic transfer of the aminoacyl moiety from aminoacyl adenylates to soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA) which results in the formation of specific RNA-amino acid complexes—see, for example, reviews by Hoagland (12) and Berg (1). The subsequent steps in pro-... 

El-FFF is a technique devoted to the fractionation of proteins which is reflected in the number of papers applying this technique to protein separations. The possibilities of El-FFF were first demonstrated by Caldwell for the separation of albumin, lysozyme, hemoglobin, and y-globulin in two different buffer solutions (pH 4.5 and 8.0) [35]. Later, the performance of an El-FFF channel with flexible membranes [36], a channel with rigid membranes [256], or a circular channel [260] for the separation of proteins were described. In these studies, human and bovine serum albumin, y-globulin (bovine), cytochrome C (horse heart), lysozyme (egg white) and soluble ribonucleic acid (t-RNA), as well as denaturated proteins, were successfully separated. 

Polymerization and copolymerization of compounds, such as 8-12 with acrylamide, m.aleic anhydride, and 1-vinylpyrrolidone have been performed. The polymeric purine derivatives are generally hygroscopic poly(9-vinyladenine) is soluble in water and gives a hypochromic effect of 13% with ribonucleic acid in aqueous solution. For a review of polycondensation of functionalized purines see ref 234. 

Soluble ribonucleic acid (sRNA) links messenger RNA (mRNA) with amino acid bound to ribosome. 

Figure 12. Schematic concept of a polyribosome showing stepwise growth of a polypeptide chain and assembly of protein strands. Soluble ribonucleic acid is also called transfer RNA (tRNA). Adapted from Refs. 73, 79, and 80.

Clark JM, Chang AY, Inhibitors of the transfer of amino acids from aminoacyl soluble ribonucleic acid to proteins, J Biol Chem, 1965, 240(12) 4734-39. 

The functional modulation of the effect of cytokines requires the presence of cellular and soluble receptors. The expression of these receptors is regulated by specific signals, often dependent on cytokine networks. Transiently produced and of short half-life, cytokines are typically not stored as preformed molecules, and their production is dependent on transient genetic transcriptional activation and short-lived messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). Cytokines are rapidly secreted, leading to a brief burst of cytokine release. This burst is very important for cytokines to achieve distant activities, contrasting with the small amount of these molecules necessary for local functions (see later section on interleukin-1). 

Many unusual nucleotides have been found as minor components of nucleic acids, especially in the soluble or transfer ribonucleic acids. Most of these minor components contain methylated aglycons in their structure. A review of these nucleotides has been presented by Dekker, and general techniques for their isolation as nucleosides have been reported by Hall. In addition, 5,6-dihydrouridylic acid (34) has been isolated by enzymic hydrolysis of certain transfer ribonucleic acids from yeast, and 4-thiouridylic acid (35) was obtained from the alkaline hydrolyzate of transfer ribonucleic acid from Escherichia coli. A nucleotide whose ultraviolet absorption spectrum was very similar to that of 2-thiouridine has been reported to be present in transfer ribonucleic acid. Although the a anomer (36) of cytidylic acid has been detected (and identified) in a yeast ribonucleic acid hydrolyzate, it is not certain whether this -cytidylic acid is a minor component of ribonucleic acid or an artifact produced during the alkaline hydrolysis. Among the minor nucleotide components of transfer ribonucleic acid, pseudouridylic acid (37)89-98 jg unique, in that the D-ribosyl moiety is linked to the aglycon... 

The genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), is concentrated in the nuclear region. DNA controls the functions of the cell. Ribosomes, granular structures that consist of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins, are distributed in the cytosol (soluble part of the cell excluding the nuclear region). 

Hoagland, M. B., et al. 1958. A soluble ribonucleic acid intermediate in protein synthesis. J. Bioi. Chem. 231 241-257. 

Considerable interest has been expressed in benzoylated derivatives of 2-diethylaminoethylated polysaccharides, the acylated derivative being produced by the action of benzoyl chloride on, for example, 0-(2-di-ethylaminoethyl)cellulose. Naphthoylated and benzoylated, naphtho-ylated 0-(2-diethylaminoethyl) celluloses may be similarly produced, and these substitutions of the free hydroxyl groups in the 0-(2-diethyl-aminoethyl)celluose increase the non-ionic attractions between the polysaccharide and polynucleotides. This phenomenon has been exploited in the synthesis and separation of soluble ribonucleic acids. " Some difficulties have been experienced in producing sizable quantities of benzoylated 0-(2-diethylaminoethyl)cellulose, but the analogous preparation of benzoylated O-(2-diethylaminoethyl) cross-linked dextran was more successful, the product having properties similar to those of the corresponding cellulose derivative. 

L3. Leboy, F. S., Stimulation of soluble ribonucleic acid methylase activi by polyamines. Biodiemistry 9, 1577 (1970). 

H.G. Zachau, G. Acs, F. Lipmann, Isolation of adenosine amino acid esters from a ribonuclease digest of soluble, liver ribonucleic acid. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 44 885-889 (1958)... 

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