Stem cuttings

Sometimes the crude substance may contain an insoluble impurity, and on cooling the solution it may be difficult to judge how much of the solid matter is merely undissolved impurity and how much is solute which has subsequently crystallised from solution. To avoid this difficulty, the hot solution should be filtered, and should thus always be absolutely clear before cooling is attempted. Therefore filter the hot solution into a clean tube through a very small fluted filter-paper contained in a correspondingly small glass funnel, which should have had its stem cut off as that shown in Fig. 6, p. 12 (and for the same reason). Unless the upper part of the filter is cut awav to reduce its size to a minimum, a large proportion of the solution will remain held mechanically in the pores of the paper itself and only a few drops of clear filtrate will be obtained. 

Round plastic pots of 25 cm diameter and 25cm depth were filled with a mixture of topsoil, peatmoss, vermiculite, and perlite (4 2 1 1 vol/vol). A rooted 10-20 cm Salvia stem cutting (two or three nodes) was placed in each pot. Plants were watered as necessary. They were fertilized weekly with 1.0 1 of a 2 tsp/5 gal solution of a 15-30-15 soluble fertilizer containing trace elements (Stern s Miracle-Gro , with 0.05% each of Cu, Mn, and Zn as the sulfates and 0.1% Fe as a chelate) with 1 ml of an 85% phosphoric acid solution added to counteract basicity. This routine was used for all experiments. 

Gibberellic acid applied to stem cuttings before planting, to the leaves, or to the apex of growing plants affects elongation markedly, producing884-342... 

The biosynthesis of pilocarpine in Pilocarpus pennatifolius was studied by the administration of radiolabeled precursors. Radioactive sodium acetate, histidine, histidinol, methionine, and threonine were administered by the cut-stem method. Histidine, methionine, and threonine were administered together by a wick inserted through the stem of an intact plant. Sodium acetate and histidine were fed to root cuttings by suspending the roots in aqueous solutions of the precursors. After 64 - 7 5 h, the roots were harvested and total alkaloid extracts made. These extracts were then fed to stem cuttings. 

If roots and stem are undamaged, the plants may have Verticillium wilt. Stems cut near the soil line are discolored inside. This fungal disease usually appears when the plants flower. Destroy infected plants. Prevent problems by planting tolerant cultivars such as Beltsville and Rhinered . 

The normal method of propagation is to use cuttings of one to four nodes in length, although the process may vary. Either shoots or stem cuttings can be used, and cuttings are either planted first in a nursery or directly planted in the gardens. 

Traditionally, kava stem cuttings are planted directly in the field. A handful of one-and two-node cuttings can be planted together in an approximately 30 cm diameter circle. Alternatively, four- to six-node cuttings are planted vertically or semi-vertically with several nodes buried in the soil. Sometimes cuttings are rooted in loose soil before planting. Often the cuttings are planted and covered with a layer of mulch to retain moisture since adequate moisture is critical for the shoot and root development. 

The physiological effects of kava produced upon consumption is a major factor in its traditional selection and use. Cultivars which produce less than desirable effects may not be replanted, while the stem cuttings from those that are favored because they are outstanding in some way are used for clone propagation and distribution. According to... 

Probably the only standard procedure, adopted by some industries, is that described by a British Standards37 for alumina. The apparatus consists of a funnel of glass or polythene, with the stem cut-off square and mounted on a tripod stand (or a rigid bridge,... 

Flat bottom, narrow stem Cut ampouie with constriction... 

Upper-stem cuttings at early flowering stage Shortly before flowering (top 1/3 0.5 Melsted et al. (1969)... 

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