Stem Branching

The number of branches varies with plant density, and multiple stems alter the number of branches per stem (Tsvetoukhine, 1960). Most branches are found on the bottom third of the plant, though axillary flowering branches are formed toward the top of the plant before the onset of 

---

In a series of papers, Matsuda et al. [291-295] employed RAFT-SIP with immobilized benzyl N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate to form polymer brushes from styrene, methacrylamides, acrylamides and acrylates, NIPAM and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone on various surfaces. The SIP is initiated by UV irradiation of the surface-bonded dithiocarbamates. Thermoresponsive polymer brushes were prepared by the polymerization of NIPAM and investigated by XPS, wetting experiments and mainly SPM [294]. Patterned polymer brush layers were also prepared. When chloro-methyl styrene was used as a comonomer, RAFT-SIP resulted in branching. By control of the branching, spatio-resolved hyperbranching of a controllable stem/ branch design was realized (Fig. 9.32) [293, 295]. 

Features One or more erect stems, branched at top. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, four to six inches long, united at base, crenate edges, tiny, yellow resin dots beneath. Flowers August to October. Persistently bitter taste. 

Features The upright, woody but slender stem, branching from the upper part only, attains a height of between one and two feet. The leaves are stalkless and elliptical in shape, about half an inch long, grow in pairs on opposite sides of the stem and branches and, in addition to the transparent dots noticed above, are sometimes marked with black spots on the under side. Numerous bright yellow flowers, dotted and streaked with dark purple, cluster, in June and July, at the ends of side branches and stem. A bitter, astringent taste is remarked. 

Other belowground vegetative structures (i.e., roots and seed tuber) have only a relatively small proportion of the total carbon, though the root contribution is typically underestimated due to incomplete recovery during excavation. Thus, aboveground plant parts, in particular stems/branches,... 

Approximately 20 weeks after planting, tuber bulking accelerated, with stored carbon redistributed from other organs into the developing tubers (Somda et al., 1999). The tubers continued to accumulate carbon until the final harvest, at which time they contained 93.3 mg g 1 dwt or 437.8 mgg fwt (Table 10.5). By the end of the developmental cycle the tubers accounted for approximately 68% of the total plant carbon content, compared to 28% for the stems and less than 2% for each of the other plant parts. Approximately 61.2, 65.3, and 42.7% of carbon in the leaves, stems/branches, and rhizomes, respectively, were redistributed to the tubers (or lost via respiratory or other processes). The stems/branches contributed the greatest percentage of carbon to the mature tubers (77.2%), followed by the leaves (14.7%) and rhizomes (1.7%). 

Interestingly, during tuber bulking the concentration of carbon (g kg-1 dwt) in the stems/branches and leaves remains relatively stable even though there is a pronounced decline in dry matter. This appears to be due to the other components of dry matter being redistributed at essentially the same... 

While the stems/branches had lower concentrations of most nutrient elements, quantitatively they represented a major reservoir of nutrients. For example, 47.6% of the K and 36.5% of the P in the tubers at the end of the season are derived from the stem. The concentration of K decreased substantially between the 8th and 14th weeks after planting, and then remained fairly constant thereafter. Leaf N and K also declined as the plant developed. 

Longitudinal growth (primary growth), which takes place in the early season, proceeds at the end of the stem, branches and roots. The growth points are located inside the buds, which have been formed during the preceding autumn. 

The amount of hemicelluloses of the dry weight of wood is usually between 20 and 30% (cf. Appendix). The composition and structure of the hemicelluloses in the softwoods differ in a characteristic way from those in the hardwoods. Considerable differences also exist in the hemicellulose content and composition between the stem, branches, roots, and bark. 

Bark is the layer external to the cambium which surrounds the stem, branches, and roots, amounting to about 10-15% of the total weight of the tree. Debarked wood is normally used for pulping and even traces of bark residues detrimentally affect the pulp quality. The resulting bark waste is usually burned under recovery of heat. Despite extensive studies only a small fraction of bark is used today as raw material for production of chemicals (see Section 10.1). 

Although relatively flat leaves can be described by the boundary layer considerations just presented (Fig. 7-6 and Eq. 7.10), many plant parts, such as stems, branches, inflorescences, fruits, and even certain leaves (e.g., the tubular leaves of onion, Allium cepa), represent three-dimensional objects. Airflow is intercepted by such bluff bodies and forced to move around them. Here we will consider two shapes, cylinders and spheres. In the next subsection we will present heat flux equations for objects of cylindrical and spherical symmetry as well as for flat leaves. 

An additional dependence on segments of the base sequence defined relative to the conformation (such segments are exposed by certain loops, stems, branching points, etc.) may be introduced via the Hamming distance from reference segments in order to model more highly constrained fitness functions. Then the sequence plays a specific role relative to the conformation, and we obtain a second fitness function ... 

Technical Nature. Wood is a complex plant tissue composed of several distinct types of cells. In the trees discussed in this text, wood is easily recognized as that tissue located to the inside of the tree bark and forming the interior bulk of all major stems, branches, and roots. Technically, wood is the main conductive and mechanical (or supportive) tissue of the tree, and is largely responsible for the upward translocation of water and dissolved minerals from the root system to the active tree crown (buds and functioning leaves) (J). The histological and cellular structure of wood and how it serves conductive, mechanical, and storage functions in the tree will be dealt with later in this chapter. 

Magnoliae, used as a stomachic, is the dried buds of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et. Wils. or Magnolia officinalis van biloba Rehd. et. Wils. [2]. Also, the dry stem, branch, and root of M. officinalis or M. officinalis var. biloba known as Houpo , Cortex are used as a stomachic and antihistamine [2]. 

Just as the environing soil, the root, stem, branches, and leaves together as a one-ness give meaning to our understanding of a tree, so is it with Ubuntu. The foundation, the soil within which it is anchored, as well as the building, must be seen as one continuous whole-ness rather than independent fragments of reality."... 

Each individual variety of any crop has specific distinguishing characteristics which, to the trained eye, enables significant deviations to be spotted easily. These characteristics may include such factors as the size, shape and colour of leaves, flowers or even parts of flowers. Hairiness or waxiness of leaves and factors snch as the number of seeds per pod or the numbers of tillers or stem branches per plant may also be important. Evidence of rate of matnrity (e g. date of ear emergence or flowering) and of pest or disease resistance may also be taken into account... 

SELECTION, PREPARATION, AND USES. Good quality broccoli is fresh and clean, with compact bud clusters which have not opened to the extent that the flower color is evident. The general color should be dark-green, deep sage-green, or purplish-green, depending on variety. Stalks and stem branches should be tender and firm. 

Watermelons are the fruit of an annual prostrate vine with multiple stems, branching out 12 to 15 ft (4 (o 5 m). They may weigh 5 to 85 lb (2.3 to 38.3 kg), and vary in shape from round to oval to oblong-cylindrical. On the outside the hard rind of watermelons may be very light to very dark green with stripes or mottling, while the inside edible flesh (pulp) is red, pink, orange, yellow, or white. Red is the most familiar color in the United States. Most watermelons contain white, brown, or black seeds, but there are seedless watermelons. 

Annual, mostly biennial herb with upright stem branching near the top up to 0.5 m high leaves opposite flowers in corymbiform cymes, sessile, rose-purple native to Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa and naturalized in North America in dry grassland, scrub. 

Woody biomass Stems, branches, foliage, bark, chips, lumps, pellets, briquettes, sawdust, and sawmill Angiospermous and gymnospermous of coniferous and deciduous regions... 

Wood and woody biomass include dedicated forestry and forestry residues (stems, branches, foliage, barks, roots, wood blocks, wood chips from thinning, etc.), which... 

While fuelwood is marginal in the rich countries with a contribution of about 5 % to the total energy consumption (see also Chapter 10 fVood), about 40 % of the Third World s total fuel originates from biomass [137]. Biomass fuels - that are stems, branches, barks and roots of trees, shrubs, crop residues like straw, com stover, cane or cotton stalks, leaves or grasses and dry animal dung in many countries - can be calculated to fuel by a mean caloric value of 15 kJ/g. Worldwide yearly consumption of this biomass - which could be applied far more use-... 

---